{{Anti-Semitism}}
This is a partial chronology of hostilities towards or discrimination against the [[Jew]]s as a religious or ethnic group. See '''main article [[Anti-Semitism]]''' for etymology, roots, traits and disputes on what is sometimes called "the longest hatred."[http://www.richardwebster.net/antisemitismthelongesthatred.html] 

Here we note significant events in the history of anti-Semitism: as well as important anti-Semitic actions, we also give events in the history of anti-Semitic thought, actions taken to combat or relieve the effects of anti-Semitism, and events that affected the prevalence of anti-Semitism in later years.

==Ancient animosity towards Jews==
;[[3rd century BCE]]: According to the 1st century Jewish historian [[Flavius Josephus]] ([http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/apion-1.htm ''Against Apion''] Bk 1.14, 1.26), [[Manetho]], a [[Hellenistic]] [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] chronicler and priest, in his books on Egyptian history, alleges that [[Moses]] was not a Jew, but an Egyptian renegade priest called [[Osarseph]], and portrays the [[Exodus]] as the expulsion of a [[leper]] colony.  Josephus argues that Manetho's claims are inconsistent.

;[[175 BCE]]-[[165 BCE]]: [[Antiochus Epiphanes]] sacks [[Jerusalem]], calls [[Judaism]] "inimical to humanity", prohibits ''[[brit milah]]'', confiscates copies of [[Torah]] and erects an altar to [[Zeus]] in the [[Second Temple]] after plundering it. (See also [[Maccabees]], [[Hanukkah]])

;[[2nd century BCE]]: [[Mnaseas of Patros]], a [[Greek literature|Greek]] author, reports that the Jews worship a donkey's head in the [[Holy of Holies]]. This legend was repeated by [[Apollonius Molon]], [[Democritus]], [[Apion]] (cited by Josephus in [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/apion-2.htm "Against Apion"] Bk 2.7), and [[Plutarch]], the latter indicating that Jews venerated donkeys ([http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter4.html#section39 ''Symposiacs''] Bk 4.5).

;[[19]]: Roman Emperor [[Tiberius]] expels Jews from Rome. [[Lives of the Twelve Caesars|Suetonius]] Tranquillus, in ''Lives of the Twelve Caesars'', Vol 3, Tiberius, Section 36, says that Tiberius "suppressed all foreign religions... .  He distributed the Jewish youths, under the pretence of military service, among the provinces noted for an unhealthy climate; and dismissed from the city all the rest of that nation as well as those who were proselytes to that religion [335], under pain of slavery for life, unless they complied."  [[Josephus]], in his ''Jewish Antiquities'' (18.3.5), likewise says that Tiberius "ordered all the Jews to be banished out of Rome," taking "four thousand men out of them, and sent them to the island Sardinia; but punished a greater number of them, who were unwilling to become soldiers, on account of keeping the laws of their forefathers. Thus were these Jews banished out of the city ..."  [[Cassius Dio]] writes about Tiberius, "As the Jews flocked to Rome in great numbers and were converting many of the natives to their ways, he banished most of them." (Roman History, 57.18.5a)

;[[37]]-[[41]]: Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in Alexandria (Egypt), as recounted by [[Philo of Alexandria]] in ''Flaccus''.

;[[50]]: Jews ordered by Roman Emperor [[Claudius]] "not to hold meetings", in the words of Cassius Dio (Roman History, 60.6.6).  Claudius later expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius ("Lives of the Twelve Caesars", Claudius, Section 25.4) and Acts 18:2.

;[[66]]-[[73]]: [[Great Jewish Revolt]] against the Romans is crushed by [[Vespasian]] and [[Titus Flavius]]. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of victory, as there is "no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God." ([[Philostratus]], ''Vita Apollonii''). The events of this period were recorded in detail by the Jewish-Roman historian [[Josephus]].  His record is largely sympathetic to the Roman view, and hence is considered a controversial source. Josephus describes the Jewish revolt as being led by "tyrants," to the detriment of the city, and of Titus as having "moderation" in his escalation of the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)]].

;[[1st century]]: Fabrications of [[Apion]] in [[Alexandria, Egypt]], including the first recorded [[blood libel]]. [[Satires of Juvenal|Juvenal]] writes anti-Jewish poetry. [[Josephus]] picks apart contemporary and old anti-Semitic myths in his work ''Against Apion''. ([http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=Josephus,%20Flavius e-text at Project Gutenberg])

;Late 1st–early 2nd century: [[Tacitus]] writes anti-Jewish polemic in his ''[[Histories (Tacitus)|Histories]]'' ([http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Hist.+5.1 book 5]). He reports on several old myths of ancient anti-Semitism (including that of the donkey's head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews "regard the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies" is his analysis of the extreme differences between [[monotheistic]] Judaism and the [[polytheism]] common throughout the Roman world. 

;[[115]]-[[117]]: Thousands of Jews are killed during civil unrest in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica, as recounted by [[Dio Cassius]]' ''History of Rome'' (68.31), and [[Eusebius]]' ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (4.2), and papyrii.

;c. [[119]]: [[Roman emperor]] [[Hadrian]] bans [[circumcision]], making Judaism ''de facto'' illegal.

;c. [[132]]-[[135]]: Hadrian constructs a [[Paganism|pagan]] temple to Jupiter at the site of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], builds Aelia Capitolina among ruins of Jerusalem and crushes the [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]]. [[Judea]] is wiped off the map and renamed into [[Palestine]]; Jews are left [[Jewish diaspora|dispersed]] and stateless. 

;[[167]]: Claimed to be the first recorded accusation of [[deicide]]. A sermon, attributed to [[Melito of Sardis]], titled ''[http://www.kerux.com/documents/KeruxV4N1A1.asp On the Passover]'' (''Peri Pascha''), blames the Jews for following King Herod and Caiaphas to execute [[Jesus]], despite their calling as God's people (57, 93).   Melito says, "you did not know, O Israel, that this one was the firstborn of God." (82)  Melito does not attribute particular blame to [[Pontius Pilate]], but only mentions that Pilate washed his hands of guilt (92).  Melito wrote this sermon in Greek, so does not use the Latin word for deicide, ''deicida''.  (According to the ''[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform?lang=Latin Latin Dictionary]'' of Charleton Lewis and Charles Short, the latin word ''deicidas'' is used by the 4th century, by Peter Chrystologus in his sermon #172.)  At a time when Christians were widely persecuted, Melitos speech was an appeal to Rome to spare Christians.

== [[4th century]] ==
{{jew}}
;[[306]]: The [[Synod of Elvira]] bans intermarriage between [[Christianity|Christians]] and [[Jew]]s. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also forbidden. 

;[[315]]-[[337]]: [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine I]] enacts various laws regarding the Jews: Jews are not allowed to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed. Congregations for religious services are restricted, but Jews are also allowed to enter the restituted Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.

;[[325]]: [[First Council of Nicaea|First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea]]. The [[Christian Church]] separates the calculation of the date of [[Easter]] from the Jewish [[Passover]]: "We desire, dearest brethren, to separate ourselves from the detestable company of the Jews... How, then, could we follow these Jews, who are almost certainly blinded." 

;[[361]]-[[363]]: Roman Emperor [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]], a pagan, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Temple.

;[[386]]: [[John Chrysostom]] of [[Antioch]] writes eight [[homilies]] ''Adversus Judaeos'' (lit: Against the Judaizers). See also: [[Christianity and anti-Semitism#The Church Fathers]].

;[[388]]: A Christian mob incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in [[Callinicum]]. [[Theodosius I]] orders punishment for those responsible, and rebuilding the synagogue at the Christian expense. [[Ambrose|Ambrose of Milan]] insists in his letter that the whole case be dropped He interrupts the liturgy in the emperor's presence with an ultimatum that he would not continue until the case was dropped. Theodosius complies.

;[[399]]: The Western [[Roman Emperor]] [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorius]] calls Judaism ''superstitio indigna'' and confiscates gold and silver collected by the synagogues for Jerusalem.

== [[5th century]] ==
;[[415]]: Jews are accused of [[ritual murder]] during [[Purim]].<ref>Socrates Scholasticus, ''Ecclesiastical History'' VI,16</ref> Christians in [[Antioch]], and [[Magona]] confiscate or burn synagogues. Bishop [[Cyril of Alexandria]] forces his way into the synagogue, expels the Jews and gives their property to the mob. Prefect Orestes is stoned almost to death for protesting. 

;[[418]]: The first record of Jews being forced to convert or face expulsion. Severus, the Bishop of [[Minorca]], claimed to have forced 540 Jews to accept Christianity upon conquering the island. 

;[[419]]: The [[monk]] [[Barsauma]] (subsequently the Bishop of [[Nisibis]]) gathers a group of followers and for the next three years destroys synagogues throughout the Palestine.

;[[429]]: The [[East Roman Emperor]] [[Theodosius II]] orders all funds raised by Jews to support schools be turned over to his treasury.

;[[439]] Jan 31: The ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'', the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited from holding important positions involving money, including judicial and executive offices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. The anti-Jewish statutes apply to the [[Samaritans]]. The ''Code'' is also accepted by Western [[Roman Emperor]], [[Valentinian III]].

;[[451]]: [[Sassanid dynasty|Sassanid]] ruler [[Yazdegerd II of Persia]]'s decree abolishes the [[Sabbath]] and orders executions of Jewish leaders, including the [[Exilarch]] Mar Nuna.

;[[465]]: Council of [[Vannes]], Gaul prohibited the Christian clergy from participating in Jewish feasts.

== [[6th century]] ==
;[[519]]: [[Ravenna]], Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, [[Ostrogoth]]ic king [[Theodoric the Great]] orders the town to rebuild them at its own expense. 

;[[529]]-[[559]]: [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian the Great]] publishes ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]''. New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years: Jewish civil rights restricted: "they shall enjoy no honors". The principle of ''Servitus Judaeorum'' (Servitude of the Jews) is established: the Jews cannot testify against Christians. The emperor becomes an arbiter in internal Jewish matters. The use of the [[Hebrew language]] in worship is forbidden. [[Shema Yisrael]] ("Hear, O Israel, the Lord is one"), sometimes considered the most important prayer in Judaism, is banned as a denial of the [[Trinity]]. Some Jewish communities are converted by force, their synagogues turned into churches.

;[[535]]: The First Council of [[Clermont]], Gaul prohibits Jews from holding public office.

;[[538]]: The Third Council of [[Orléans]], Gaul forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited from appearing in the streets during [[Easter]]: "their appearance is an insult to Christianity". A Merovingian king [[Childebert I|Childebert]] approves the measure.

;[[576]]: Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews a choice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to [[Marseille]].

;[[589]]: The Council of [[Narbonne]], Septimania, forbids Jews from chanting [[psalms]] while burying their dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold. The third [[Councils of Toledo|Council of Toledo]], held under [[Visigoth]]ic King [[Reccared]], bans Jews from slave ownership and holding positions of authority, and reiterates the mutual ban on intermarriage.<ref> "Toledo", ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14755a.htm] </ref> Reccared also rules children out of such marriages to be raised as Christians. 

;[[590]]: [[Pope Gregory I]] defends the Jews against forced conversion.

== [[7th century]] ==
;[[610]]-[[620]]: [[Visigoth]]ic [[Hispania]]  After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, king [[Sisebur]] prohibits [[Judaism]]. Those not baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country.

;[[614]]: Fifth Council of [[Paris]] decrees that all Jews holding military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families.

;[[615]]: [[Italy]]. The earliest referral to the ''Juramentum Judaeorum'' (the Jewish Oath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against a Christian. The oath became standardized throughout Europe in [[1555]].

;[[629]] Mar. 21: Byzantine Emperor [[Heraclius]] with  his army marches into Jerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is a good deed. Hundreds of Jews are massacred, thousands flee to Egypt. 

:[[Franks|Frank]]ish King [[Dagobert I]], encouraged by [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Heraclius]], expels all Jews from the kingdom.

;[[632]]: The first case of officially sanctioned forced baptism. Emperor [[Heraclius]] violates the ''Codex Theodosianus'', which protected them from forced conversions.

;[[681]]: The Twelfth [[Councils of Toledo|Council]] of [[Toledo (Spain)|Toledo]], [[Spain]] orders burning of the Talmud and other "[[heresy|heretic]]" books. 

;[[682]]: [[Visigoth]]ic king [[Erwig]] begins his reign by enacting 28 anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the "utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews" and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest, who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must be spent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the ''backsliding''. 

;[[692]]: [[Quinisext Council]] in Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.

;[[694]]: 17th Council of Toledo. King [[Ergica]] believes rumors that the Jews had conspired to ally themselves with the [[Muslim]] invaders and forces Jews to give all land, slaves and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from their homes and raised as Christians.

== [[8th century]] ==
;[[717]]: Possible date for the Pact of Umar, a document that specified restrictions on Jews and Christians (''[[dhimmi]]'') living under Muslim rule. However, academic historians believe that this document was actually compiled at a much later date. 

;[[722]]: [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] forcibly converts all [[Jew]]s and [[Montanist]]s in the empire into mainstream Byzantine Christianity.

== [[9th century]] ==
;[[807]]: [[Abbassid]] [[Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid]] orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a [[Yellow badge|yellow belt]], with Christians to wear a blue one. 

;[[820]]: [[Agobard]], Archbishop of [[Lyon]], declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a complete segregation of Christians and Jews. In [[826]] he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor [[Louis the Pious]] to attack "Jewish insolence", but fails to convince the Emperor.

;[[898]]-[[929]]: French king [[Charles the Simple]] confiscates Jewish-owned property in [[Narbonne]] and donates it to the Church. 

<!-- == [[10th century]] ==
-->

== [[11th century]] ==
;[[1008]]-[[1013]]: [[Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] issues severe restrictions against Jews in the [[Land of Israel]]. All Jews are forced to wear a [[Yellow badge|"golden calf"]] (made of wood) around their necks. On Oct. 18 [[1009]] he destroys the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], but the French "historian" [[Raoul Glaber]] blames the Jews. As a result, Jews were expelled from [[Limoges]] and other French towns. 

;[[1012]]: One of the first known persecutions of Jews in [[Germany]]: [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor]] expels Jews from [[Mainz]].

;[[1016]]: The Jewish community of [[Kairouan]], Tunisia is forced to chose between conversion and expulsion.

;[[1032]]: [[Abul Kamal Tumin]] conquers [[Fez, Morocco]] and decimates the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.

;[[1050]]: Council of [[Narbonne]], France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes.

;[[1066]] Dec 30: The entire Jewish community of [[Granada]] came under the riotous siege resulting in 4,000 deaths and the destruction of most property. The community quickly recovered, only to fall again at the hands of the [[Almoravides]] lead by [[Iban Iashufin]] in [[1090]], bringing the [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain]] to end.

;[[1078]]: Council of [[Gerona]] decrees Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as Christians. 

[[Image:FirstCrusade.jpg|thumb|Jews (identifiable by [[Judenhut]]) are being massacred by Crusaders.1250 French Bible illustration]]
;[[1096]]: The [[First Crusade]]. Three hosts of crusaders pass through several [[Central Europe]]an cities. The third, unofficial host, led by [[Emicho|Count Emicho]], decides to attack the Jewish communities, most notably in the [[Rhineland]], under the slogan: "Why fight Christ's enemies abroad when they are living among us?" Eimicho's host attacks the synagogue at Speyers and kills all the defenders. Another 1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mayence to escape his attempt to forcibly convert them; see [[German Crusade, 1096]]. Attempts by the local bishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered. [[St. Bernard]] attempts to stop further atrocities: "Whoever makes an attempt on a life of a Jew, sins as if he had attacked Jesus himself."

== [[12th century]] ==
;[[1107]]: Moroccan [[Almoravid]] ruler Yoseph Ibn Tashfin orders all Moroccan Jews to convert or leave.

;[[1143]]: 150 Jews were killed in [[Ham, France|Ham]], France.

;[[1144]] March 20 (Passover): The first [[blood libel]] in which the Jews of [[Norwich]], England were accused of [[ritual murder]] after a Christian boy ([[William of Norwich]]) is found dead.  It was claimed that the Jews had tortured and crucified their victim.  From this time forward, similar charges were levelled against Jews in all quarters of Europe.  The believers of these accusations reasoned that the Jews, having crucified Jesus, continued to thirst for pure and innocent blood and satisfied their thirst at the expense of innocent Christian children.   In accordance with this logic, the season of such charges was typically in Spring around the time of Passover which approximately coincides with the time of Jesus' death.  [Ben-Sasson, H.H., Editor;  (1969). ''A History of The Jewish People''. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-674-39731-2 (paper).]  The legend of [[William of Norwich]] became a cult, and the child acquired status of martyr saint.  In [[1189]], Jewish deputation attending coronation of [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]] is attacked by the crowd. Pogroms in London follow and spread around England. On Feb 6 [[1190]] all the Norwich Jews found in their houses were slaughtered, except few who found refuge in the castle. 

;[[1148]]-[[1212]]: The rule of the [[Almohads]]. Only Jews who had converted to Christianity or Islam are allowed to live in [[Granada]]. One of the refugees was Rambam (AKA [[Maimonides]]) who settled in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and later in Fustat near Cairo.

;[[1165]]: forced mass conversions in [[Yemen]]

;[[1171]]: [[Blois]], France: 31 Jews burned at the stake for [[blood libel]].

;[[1179]]: The [[Third Lateran Council]], Canon 26: Jews are forbidden to be plaintiffs or witnesses against Christians in the Courts. Jews are forbidden to withhold inheritance from descendants who had accepted Christianity.

;[[1180]]: [[Philip Augustus of France]] after four months in power, imprisons all the Jews in his lands and demands a ransom for their release. In [[1181]] he annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from [[Paris]]. He readmits them in [[1198]], only after another ransom was paid and a taxation scheme was set up to procure funds for himself.

;[[1189]]: [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick I Barbarossa]] orders priests not to preach against Jews. 

;[[1190]] Mar. 16: 500 Jews of [[York]] massacred after 6-day siege by departing [[Third Crusade|Crusaders]], backed by a number of people indebted to Jewish money-lenders. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/york.html York Masssacre]

;[[1190]]: [[Saladdin]] takes over [[Jerusalem]] from [[Crusade]]rs and lifts the ban for Jews to live there.

;[[1198]] Aug: Saladdin's nephew al-Malik, caliph of Yemen, summons all the Jews and forcibly converts them.

== [[13th century]] ==
[[Image:Regensburger_Dom_Judensau_2004.jpg|thumb|Judensau at the Cathedral of St. Peter in [[Regensburg]]]]
;[[13th century]]: Germany. Appearance of ''[[Judensau]]'': obscene and dehumanizing imagery of Jews, ranging from etchings to Cathedral ceilings. Its popularity lasted for over 600 years. 

;[[1215]]: The [[Fourth Lateran Council]] headed by [[Pope Innocent III]] declares: "Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress." (Canon 68).  See [[Judenhut]]. The [[Fourth Lateran Council]] also noted that the Jews' own law required the wearing of identifying symbols. [[Pope Innocent III]] also reiterated papal injunctions against forcible conversions, and added: "No Christian shall do the Jews any personal injury...or deprive them of their possessions...or disturb them during the celebration of their festivals...or extort money from them by threatening to exhume their dead."

;[[1222]]: Council of [[Oxford]]: [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Stephen Langton]] forbids Jews from building new synagogues, owning slaves or mixing with Christians.

;[[1232]]: forced mass conversions in [[Marrakesh]].

;[[1235]]:  The Jews of Fulda, Germany were accused of [[ritual murder]].  To investigate the [[blood libel]], Emperor Frederick II held a special conference of Jewish converts to Christianity at which the converts were questioned about Jewish ritual practice.  Letters inviting prominent individuals to the conference still survive.  At the conference, the converts stated unequivocally that Jews do not harm Christian children or require blood for any rituals.  In 1236 the Emperor published these findings and in 1247 [[Pope Innocent IV]], the Emperor's enemy, also denounced accusations of the [[ritual murder]] of Christian children by Jews.  In 1272, the papal repudiation of the [[blood libel]] was repeated by [[Pope Gregory X]], who also ruled that thereafter any such testimony of a Christian against a Jew could not be accepted unless it is confirmed by another Jew.  Unfortunately, these proclamations from the highest sources were not effective in altering the beliefs of the Christian majority and the libels continued.  [Ben-Sasson, H.H., Editor;  (1969). ''A History of The Jewish People''. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-674-39731-2 (paper).]

;[[1236]]: [[Crusade]]rs attack Jewish communities of [[Anjou]] and [[Poitou]] and attempt to baptize all the Jews. Those who resisted (est. 3,000) were slaughtered.

;[[1240]]: Duke Jean le Roux expels Jews from [[Brittany]]. 

;[[1240]]: [[Disputation]] of [[Paris]]. [[Pope Gregory IX]] puts [[Talmud]] on trial on the charges that it contains [[blasphemy]] against [[Jesus]] and [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]] and attacks on the Church. In [[1242]] 24 cart-loads of hand-written manuscripts were burned in the streets of Paris.

;[[1242]]: [[James I of Aragon]] orders Jews to listen to conversion sermons and to attend churches. Friars are given power to enter synagogues uninvited.

;[[1244]]: [[Pope Innocent IV]] orders [[Louis IX of France]] to burn all Talmud copies.

;[[1250]]: [[Zaragoza]]: death of a choirboy [[Saint Dominguito del Val]] prompts [[ritual murder]] accusation. His sainthood was revoked in the 20th century but reportedly a chapel dedicated to him still exists in the [[Seo de San Salvador|Cathedral of Zaragoza]].

;[[1254]]: Louis IX expels the Jews from [[France]], their property and synagogues confiscated. Most move to [[Germany]] and further east, however, after a couple of years, some were readmitted back.

;[[1255]]: King [[Henry III of England]], protector of the Jews, sells his rights to the Jews to his brother Richard for 5,000 marks.

;c. [[1260]]: [[Thomas Aquinas]] publishes ''Summa Contra Gentiles'', a summary of Christian faith to be presented to those who reject it. The Jews who refuse to convert are regarded as "deliberately defiant" rather than "[[invincibly ignorant]]".

;[[1263]]: [[Disputation]] of [[Barcelona]]. 

;[[1264]]: [[Pope Clement IV]] assigns Talmud censorship committee. 

;[[1267]]: In a special session, the [[Vienna]] city council forces Jews to wear ''[[Judenhut|Pileum cornutum]]'' (a cone-shaped headdress, prevalent in many medieval illustrations of Jews). This distinctive dress is an addition to [[Yellow badge]] Jews were already forced to wear. Christians are not permitted to attend Jewish ceremonies. 

;[[1267]]: Synod of [[Breslau]] orders Jews to live in a segregated quarter.

;[[1275]]: King [[Edward I of England]] passes [[Statute of Jewry|anti-Jewish statute]] forcing Jews over the age of seven to wear an identifying [[Yellow badge]], and making usury illegal (linked to blasphemy), in order to seize their assets. Scores of English Jews are arrested, 300 hanged and their property goes to the Crown. In [[1280]] he orders Jews to be present at Dominicans preaching conversion. In [[1287]] he arrests heads of Jewish families and demands their communities to pay ransom of 12,000 pounds. 

;[[1278]]: The Edict of [[Pope Nicholas III]] requires compulsory attendance of Jews at conversion sermons.

;[[1279]]: Synod of Ofen: Christians are forbidden to sell or rent [[real estate]] to or from Jews.

;[[1282]]: John Pectin, [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], orders all London synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians.

;[[1283]]: [[Philip III of France]] causes mass migration of Jews by forbidding them to live in the small rural localities. 

;[[1285]]: [[Blood libel]] in [[Munich, Germany]] results in the death of 68 Jews. 180 more Jews are burned alive at the synagogue. 

;[[1287]]: A mob in Oberwesel, Germany kills 40 Jewish men, women and children after a [[ritual murder]] accusation.

;[[1289]]: Jews are expelled from [[Gascony]] and [[Anjou]]. 

;[[1290]] July 18: [[Edict of Expulsion]]: [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] expels all Jews from [[England]], allowing them to take only what they could carry, all the other property became the [[The Crown|Crown]]'s. Official reason: continued practice of [[usury]]. 

;[[1291]]: [[Philip the Fair]] publishes an ordinance prohibiting the Jews to settle in France.

;[[1298]]: During the civil war between [[Adolph of Nassau]] and [[Albrecht of Austria]], German knight [[Rintfleisch-Pogrom|Rindfleisch]] claims to have received a mission from heaven to exterminate "the accursed race of the Jews". Under his leadership, the mob goes from town to town destroying Jewish communities and massacring about 100,000 Jews, often by mass burning at stake. Among 146 localities in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria are Röttingen (April 20), Würzburg (July 24), Nuremberg (August 1). <ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=301&letter=R Rindfleisch] article in the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] (1906) by Gotthard Deutsch, S. Mannheimer</ref>

== [[14th century]] ==
;[[1305]]: [[Philip IV of France]] seizes all Jewish property (except the clothes they wear) and expels them from France (approx. 100,000). His successor [[Louis X of France]] allows French Jews to return in [[1315]].

;[[1320]]: [[Shepherds' Crusade]] attacks the Jews of 120 localities in southwest [[France]]. 

;[[1321]]: King [[Henry II of Castile]] forces Jews to wear [[Yellow badge]].

;[[1321]]: Jews in central [[France]] falsely charged of their supposed collusion with lepers to poison wells. After massacre of est. 5,000 Jews, king [[Philip V of France]] admits they were innocent.

;[[1322]]: King [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]] expels Jews from [[France]].

;[[1333]]: forced mass conversions in [[Baghdad]]

;[[1336]]: Persecutions against Jews in [[Franconia]] and [[Alsace]] led by lawless German bands, the Armleder. 

;[[1348]]: European Jews are blamed for the [[Black Death]]. Charge laid to the Jews that they poisoned the wells. Massacres spread throughout [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Austria]]. More than 200 Jewish communities destroyed by violence. Many communities have been expelled and settle down in Poland.

;[[1348]]: [[Basel]]: 600 Jews burned at the stake, 140 children forcibly baptized, the remaining city's Jews expelled. The city [[synagogue]] is turned into a church and the Jewish cemetery is destroyed. 

;[[1359]]: [[Charles V of France]] allows Jews to return for a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father [[John II of France]], imprisoned in England. After few extensions, on Nov 3, [[1394]] his son [[Charles VI of France]] expels all Jews from France. 

;[[1386]]: [[Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor]], expels the Jews from [[Swabian League]] and [[Strasbourg]] and confiscates their property. On March 18, [[1389]], a Jewish boy is accused of plotting against a priest. The mob slaughters approx. 3,000 of [[Prague]] Jews, destroys the city's synagogue and Jewish cemetery. Wenceslaus insists that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during the [[Holy Week]].

;[[1391]]: Violence incited by Archdeacon of Ecija Ferrand Martinez, results in over 10,000 murdered Jews. The Jewish quarter in [[Barcelona]] is destroyed. The campaign quickly spreads throughout [[Spain]] (except for [[Granada]]) and destroys Jewish communities in [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]] and Palma De Majorca.

;[[1399]]: [[Blood libel]] in [[Poznań|Posen]].

== [[15th century]] ==
;[[1411]]: Oppressive legislation against Jews in [[Spain]] as an outcome of the preaching of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar [[Vicente Ferrer]]. 

;[[1413]]: [[Disputation]] of [[Tortosa]], Spain, staged by [[Antipope Benedict XIII|the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII]], is followed by forced mass conversions.

;[[1420]]: All Jews are expelled from [[Lyon]].

;[[1421]]: Persecutions of Jews in [[Vienna]], known as ''Wiener Gesera'' (Vienna Edict), confiscation of their possessions, and forced conversion of Jewish children. 270 Jews burned at stake. Expulsion of Jews from [[Austria]]. 

;[[1422]]: [[Pope Martin V]] issues a Bull reminding Christians that [[Christianity]] was derived from [[Judaism]] and warns the friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year on allegations that the Jews of Rome attained it by [[fraud]]. 

;[[1434]]: Council of Basel, Sessio XIX: Jews are forbidden to obtain academic degrees and to act as agents in the conclusion of contracts between Christians.

;[[1435]]: Massacre and forced conversion of [[Majorca]]n Jews. 

;[[1438]]: Establishment of ''[[mellah]]s'' (ghettos) in [[Morocco]]. 

;[[1447]]: [[Casimir IV]] renews all the rights of Jews of [[Poland]] and makes his charter one of the most liberal in Europe. He revokes it in [[1454]] at the insistence of Bishop Zbigniew. 

;[[1449]]: The Statute of Toledo introduces the rule of [[Racial purity|purity of blood]] discriminating [[Converso]]s. [[Pope Nicholas V]] condems it. 

;[[1463]]: Pope Nicholas V authorizes the establishment of the [[Inquisition]] to investigate heresy among the [[Marrano]]s. See also [[Crypto-Judaism]].

;[[1473]]-[[1474]]: Spain. Massacres of [[Marranos]] of [[Valladolid]], [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]], [[Segovia]], [[Ciudad Real]]. 

[[Image:Schedel judenfeindlichkeit.jpg|thumb|[[Simon of Trent]] blood libel. Illustration in Hartmann Schedel's Weltchronik, 1493]]
;[[1475]]: A student of the preacher [[Giovanni da Capistrano]], [[Franciscan]] [[Bernardino de Fletre]], accuses the Jews in murdering an infant, [[Simon of Trent|Simon]]. The entire community is arrested, 15 leaders are burned at the stake, the rest are expelled. In [[1588]], [[Pope Sixtus V]] confirmed Simon's cultus. Saint Simon was considered a martyr and patron of kidnap and torture victims for almost 500 years. In 1965, [[Pope Paul VI]] declared the episode a fraud, and decanonized Simon's sainthood. 

;[[1481]]: The [[Spanish Inquisition]] is instituted. 

;[[1487]]-[[1504]]: Bishop Gennady exposes the [[heresy]] of ''Zhidovstvuyushchiye'' ([[Judaizer]]s) in [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] of [[Muscovy]]. 

;[[1490]]: [[Tomás de Torquemada]] burns 6,000 volumes of Jewish mansucripts in [[Salamanca]].

;[[1491]]: The [[blood libel]] in La Guardia, Spain, where the alleged victim [[Holy Child of La Guardia]] became revered as a saint. 

;[[1492]] Mar. 31: [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] and [[Isabella of Castile|Isabella]] issue ''[[Alhambra decree|General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews]]'' from [[Spain]]: approx. 200,000. Some return to the [[Land of Israel]]. As many localities and entire countries expel their Jewish citizens (after robbing them), and others deny them entrance, the legend of the ''Wandering Jew'', a condemned harbinger of calamity, gains popularity.

;[[1492]] Oct. 24: Jews of [[Mecklenburg]], Germany are accused of stabbing a consecrated wafer. 27 Jews are burned, including two women. The spot is still called the ''Judenberg''. All the Jews are expelled from the Duchy.

;[[1493]] Jan. 12: Expulsion from [[Sicily]]: approx. 37,000.

;[[1496]]: [[Forced conversion]] and expulsion of Jews from [[Portugal]]. This included many who fled [[Spain]] four years earlier.

;[[1498]]: Prince [[Alexander of Poland|Alexander]] of [[Lithuania]] forces most of the Jews to forfeit their property or convert. The main motivation is to cancel the debts the nobles owe to the Jews. Within a short time the trade grounds to a halt and the Prince invites the Jews back in.

== [[16th century]] ==
[[Image:Wormsjews.jpg|thumb|Jews from [[Worms, Germany]] wear the mandatory [[yellow badge]]. A moneybag and garlic in the hands are an anti-semitic [[stereotype]]. 16th century drawing]]

;[[1505]]: Ten [[České Budějovice]] Jews are tortured and executed after being accused of killing a Christian girl; later, on deathbed, shepherd confesses to fabricating the accusation.

;[[1506]] April 19: A [[marrano]] expresses his doubts about miracle visions at St. Dominics Church in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]. The crowd, led by Dominican monks, kills him, then ransacks Jewish houses and slaughters any Jew they could find. The countrymen hear about the massacre and join in. Over 2,000 marranos killed in three days. 

;[[1509]] August 19: A converted Jew [[Johannes Pfefferkorn]] receives authority of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] to destroy the Talmud and other Jewish religious books, except the [[Hebrew Bible]], in [[Frankfurt]]. 

;[[1510]] July 19: Forty Jews are executed in [[Brandenburg, Germany]] for allegedly [[Host desecration|desecrating the host]]; remainder expelled. November 23. Less-wealthy Jews expelled from Naples; remainder heavily taxed. 38 Jews burned at the stake in [[Berlin]]. 

;[[1511]] June 6: Eight Roman Catholic converts from Judaism burned at the stake for allegedly reverting.

;[[1516]]: The first [[ghetto]] is established, on one of the islands in [[Venice]].

;[[1519]]: [[Martin Luther]] leads [[Protestant]] [[Reformation]] and challenges the doctrine of ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis#Servitus Judaeorum|Servitus Judaeorum]]'' "... to deal kindly with the Jews and to instruct them to come over to us". February 21. All Jews expelled from [[Regensburg|Ratisbon/Regensburg]].

;[[1520]]: [[Pope Leo X]] allows Jews print Talmud in [[Venice]]

;[[1527]] June 16: Jews are ordered to leave [[Florence]], but the edict is soon rescinded.

;[[1528]]: Three ''[[judaizer]]s'' are burned at the stake in [[Mexico City]]'s first [[auto da fe]].

;[[1535]]: After Spanish troops capture [[Tunis]] all the local Jews are sold into slavery.

[[Image:1543 On the Jews and Their Lies by Martin Luther.jpg|thumb|Bookcover of ''On the Jews and Their Lies'']]
;[[1543]]: In his pamphlet ''[[On the Jews and Their Lies]]'' Martin Luther advocates an eight-point plan to get rid of the Jews as a distinct group either by [[religious conversion]] or by expulsion: 
: "...set fire to their synagogues or schools..." 
: "...their houses also be razed and destroyed..."
: "...their prayer books and Talmudic writings... be taken from them..."
: "...their rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb..."
: "...safe-conduct on the highways be abolished completely for the Jews..."
: "...usury be prohibited to them, and that all cash and treasure of silver and gold be taken from them..." and "Such money should now be used in ... the following [way]... Whenever a Jew is sincerely converted, he should be handed [certain amount]..."
: "...young, strong Jews and Jewesses [should]... earn their bread in the sweat of their brow..."
: "If we wish to wash our hands of the Jews' blasphemy and not share in their guilt, we have to part company with them. They must be driven from our country" and "we must drive them out like mad dogs."

: Luther "got the Jews expelled from Saxony in [[1537]], and in the [[1540s]] he drove them from many German towns; he tried unsuccessfully to get the [[John Frederick, Elector of Saxony|elector]] to expel them from Brandenburg in [[1543]]. His followers continued to agitate against the Jews there:  they sacked the Berlin synagogue in [[1572]] and the following year finally got their way, the Jews being banned from the entire country."<ref>Paul Johnson, <cite>A History of the Jews</cite> (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1987), 242.</ref> (See also [[Martin Luther and the Jews]])

;[[1540]]: All Jews are [[exile|banished]] from [[Prague]].

;[[1546]]: Martin Luther's sermon ''Admonition against the Jews'' contains accusations of ritual murder, black magic, and poisoning of wells. Luther recognizes no obligation to protect the Jews. 

;[[1547]]: [[Ivan the Terrible]] becomes ruler of Russia and refuses to allow Jews to live in or even enter his kingdom because they "bring about great evil" (quoting his response to request by Polish king [[Sigismund]]). 

;[[1550]]: Dr. Joseph Hacohen is chased out of [[Genoa]] for practicing medicine; soon all Jews are expelled.

;[[1553]]: [[Pope Julius III]] forbids Talmud printing and orders burning of any copy found. Rome’s Inquisitor-General, Cardinal Carafa (later [[Pope Paul IV]]) has Talmud publicly burnt in Rome on Rosh Hashanah, starting a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy. About 12,000 copies were destroyed.

;[[1554]]: Cornelio da Montalcino, a [[Franciscan]] Friar who converted to Judaism, is burned alive in Rome.

;[[1555]]: In [[Papal Bull]] ''[[Cum nimis absurdum]]'', Pope Paul IV writes: "It appears utterly absurd and impermissible that the Jews, whom God has condemned to eternal slavery for their guilt, should enjoy our Christian love." He renews anti-Jewish legislation and installs a locked nightly ghetto in Rome. The Bull also forces Jewish males to wear a [[yellow badge|yellow hat]], females - [[yellow badge|yellow kerchief]]. Owning real estate or practicing medicine on Christians is forbidden. It also limits Jewish communities to only one synagogue.

;[[1557]]: Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.

;[[1558]]: [[Recanati]], Italy: a baptized Jew Joseph Paul More enters synagogue on [[Yom Kippur]] under the protection of [[Pope Paul IV]] and tries to preach a conversion sermon. The congregation evicts him. Soon after, the Jews are expelled from Recanati. 

;[[1559]]: Pope Pius IV allows Talmud on conditions that it is printed by a Christian and the text is censored.

;[[1563]] February: Russian troops take [[Polotsk]] from [[Lithuania]], Jews are given ultimatum: embrace [[Russian Orthodox Church]] or die. Around 300 Jewish men, women and children were thrown into ice holes of [[Western Dvina|Dvina]] river.

;[[1564]]: [[Brest, Belarus|Brest-Litovsk]]: the son of a wealthy Jewish tax collector is accused of killing the family's Christian servant for ritual purposes. He is tortured and executed in line with the law. King [[Sigismund II Augustus of Poland]] forbids future charges of ritual murder, calling them groundless. 

;[[1565]]: Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.

;[[1566]]: Antonio Ghislieri elected and, as [[Pope Pius V]], reinstates the harsh anti-Jewish laws of Pope Paul IV. In [[1569]] he expels Jews dwelling outside of the ghettos of Rome, Ancona, and Avignon from the [[Papal States]], thus ensuring that they remain city-dwellers.

;[[1567]]: Jews are reauthorised to live in [[France]]

;[[1586]]: [[Pope Sixtus V]] forbids printing of the Talmud.

;[[1590]]: Jewish quarter of [[Mikulov]] burns to ground and 15 people die while Christians watch or pillage. [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip II of Spain]] orders expulsion of Jews from [[Lombardy]]. His order is ignored by local authorities until [[1597]], when 72 Jewish families are forced into exile.

;[[1593]] Feb. 25: [[Pope Clement VIII]] confirms the Papal bull of Paul III that expels Jews from Papal states except ghettos in Rome and Ancona and issues ''Caeca et obdurata'' ("Blind Obstinacy"):  "All the world suffers from the usury of the Jews, their monopolies and deceit. ... Then as now Jews have to be reminded intermittently anew that they were enjoying rights in any country since they left Palestine and the Arabian desert, and subsequently their ethical and moral doctrines as well as their deeds rightly deserve to be exposed to criticism in whatever country they happen to live."

==[[17th century]] ==
;[[1603]]: Frei Diogo Da Assumpacao, a partly Jewish friar who embraced Judaism, burned alive in [[Lisbon]]. 

;[[1608]]: The [[Jesuit order]] forbids admission to anyone descended from Jews to the fifth generation, a  restriction lifted in the 20th century. Three years later [[Pope Paul V]] applies the rule throughout the Church, but his successor revokes it. 

;[[1612]]: The [[Hamburg]] Senate decides to officially allow Jews to live in the city on the condition there is no public worship. 

[[Image:1614jews.jpg|thumb|Expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt on August 23, 1614: "1380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate"]]
;[[1614]]: Vincent Fettmilch, who called himself the "new [[Haman (Judaism)|Haman]] of the Jews", leads a raid on [[Frankfurt]] synagogue that turned into an attack which destroyed the whole community.

;[[1615]]: King [[Louis XIII of France]] decrees that all Jews must leave the country within one month on pain of death.

;[[1615]]: The Guild led by Dr. Chemnitz, "non-violently" forced the Jews from [[Worms, Germany|Worms]].

;[[1619]]: Shah Abbasi of the Persian Sufi Dynasty increases persecution against the Jews, forcing many to outwardly practice Islam. Many keep practicing Judaism in secret. 

;[[1624]]: [[Ghetto]] established in [[Ferrara, Italy]]. 

;[[1632]]: King [[Ladislaus IV of Poland]] forbids [[Anti-Semitic]] print-outs.

;[[1648]]-[[1655]]: The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Cossack]]s lead by [[Bohdan Chmielnicki]] massacre about 100,000 Jews and similar number of [[Poland|Polish]] [[nobles]], 300 Jewish communities destroyed.

;[[1655]]: [[Oliver Cromwell]] readmits Jews to England.

;[[1664]] May: Jews of [[Lvov]] ghetto organize self-defense against impending assault by students of Jesuit seminary and Cathedral school. The militia sent by the officials to restore order, instead joined the attackers. About 100 Jews killed. 

;[[1670]]: Jews expelled from [[Vienna]].

;[[1678]]: forced mass conversions in [[Yemen]].

== [[18th century]] ==
;[[1711]]: [[Johann Andreas Eisenmenger]] writes his ''Entdecktes Judenthum'' ("Judaism Unmasked"), a work denouncing [[Judaism]] and which had a formative influence on modern anti-Semitic polemics. 

;[[1712]]: [[Blood libel]] in [[Sandomierz]] and expulsion of the town's Jews. 

;[[1727]]: Edict of [[Catherine I of Russia]]: "The Jews... who are found in Ukraine and in other Russian provinces are to be expelled at once beyond the frontiers of Russia."

;[[1734]]:[[1736]]: The [[Haidamaks]], paramilitary bands in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews.

;[[1742]] Dec: [[Elizabeth of Russia]] issues a decree of expulsion of all the Jews out of [[Russian Empire]]. Her resolution to the Senate's appeal regarding harm to the trade: "I don't desire any profits from the enemies of Christ". One of the deportees is Antonio Ribera Sanchez, her own personal physician and the head of army's medical dept. 

;[[1744]]: [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick II]] The Great (a "heroic genius", according to Hitler) limits [[Breslau]] to ten "protected" Jewish families, on the grounds that otherwise they will "transform it into complete Jerusalem". He encourages this practice in other Prussian cities. In [[1750]] he issues ''Revidiertes General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft'': "protected" Jews had an alternative to "either abstain from marriage or leave Berlin" (Simon Dubnow).

;[[1744]] Dec:  Archduchess of [[Austria]] [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] orders: "... no Jew is to be tolerated in our inherited duchy of Bohemia" by the end of Feb. [[1745]]. In Dec. [[1748]] she reverses her position, on condition that Jews pay for readmission every ten years. This extortion was known as ''malke-geld'' (queen's money). In [[1752]] she introduces the law limiting each Jewish family to one son.

;[[1762]]: [[Rhode Island]] refuses to grant Jews Aaron Lopez and Isaac Eliezer citizenship stating "no person who is not of the Christian religion can be admitted free to this colony." 

;[[1768]]: [[Haidamaks]] massacre the Jews of [[Uman]], Poland. 

;[[1771]]: [[Voltaire]] calls Jews "deadly to the human race", promotes [[race|racial]] antisemitism. 

;[[1775]]: [[Pope Pius VI]] issues a severe ''Editto sopra gli ebrei'' (Edict concerning the Jews). Previously lifted restrictions are reimposed, Judaism is suppressed.

;[[1782]]: [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] abolishes most of persecution practices in ''Toleranzpatent'' on condition that [[Yiddish]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] are eliminated from public records and judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded "quintessence of foolishness and nonsense". [[Moses Mendelssohn]] writes: "Such a tolerance... is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution".

;[[1790]] May 20: Eleazer Solomon is quartered for the alleged murder of a Christian girl in [[Grodno]].

;[[1790]]: [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/US-Israel/bigotry.html "To Bigotry No Sanction, to Persecution No Assistance" (George Washington's Letter to the Jews of Newport, Rhode Island)]

;[[1790]]-[[1792]]: Destruction of most of the Jewish communities of [[Morocco]]. 

;[[1791]]: [[Catherine II of Russia]] confines Jews to the [[Pale of Settlement]] and imposes them with double taxes. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/pale.html Pale of Settlement]

== [[19th century]] ==
;[[1805]]: Massacre of Jews in [[Algeria]]. 

;[[1815]]: [[Pope Pius VII]] reestablishes the ghetto in Rome after the defeat of [[Napoleon]].

;[[1819]]: A series of anti-Jewish riots in [[Germany]] that spread to several neighboring countries: [[Denmark]], [[Poland]], [[Latvia]] and [[Bohemia]] known as ''Hep-Hep Riots'', from the derogatory rallying cry against the Jews in Germany. 

;[[1827]] [[August 26]]: Compulsory military service for the Jews of Russia: Jewish boys under 18 years of age, known as the ''[[Cantonist]]s'', were placed in preparatory military training establishments for 25 years. Cantonists were encouraged and sometimes forced to baptize. 

;[[1835]]: Oppressive constitution for the Jews issued by Czar [[Nicholas I of Russia]]. 

;[[1840]]: The [[Damascus affair]]: false accusations cause arrests and atrocities, culminating in the seizure of sixty-three Jewish children and attacks on Jewish communities throughout the [[Middle East]]. 

;[[1844]]: [[Karl Marx]] praises [[Bruno Bauer]]'s essays containing demands that the Jews abandon Judaism, and publishes his work ''On the Jewish Question'': "What is the worldly cult of the Jew? Huckstering. What is his worldly god? Money... Money is the jealous God of Israel, besides which no other god may exist... The god of the Jews has been secularized and has become the god of this world", "In the final analysis, the emancipation of the Jews is the emancipation of mankind from Judaism." 

;[[1853]]: [[Blood libel]]s in [[Saratov]] and throughout Russia. 

;[[1858]]: [[Edgardo Mortara]], a six-year-old Jewish boy whom a maid had baptised during an illness, is taken from his parents in [[Bologna]], an episode which aroused universal indignation in liberal circles. 

;[[1862]]: Polish Jews are given equal rights. Old [[privilege]]s forbidding Jews to settle in some cities are abolished.

;[[1871]]: Speech of [[Pope Pius IX]] in regard to Jews: "of these dogs, there are too many of them at present in Rome, and we hear them howling in the streets, and they are disturbing us in all places." 

;[[1878]]: [[Adolf Stoecker]], German anti-Semitic preacher and politician, founds the ''Social Workers' Party'', which marks the beginning of the political anti-Semitic movement in Germany. 

;[[1879]]: [[Heinrich von Treitschke]], German historian and politician, justifies the anti-Semitic campaigns in Germany, bringing anti-Semitism into learned circles. 

;[[1879]]: [[Wilhelm Marr]] coins the term ''[[Anti-Semitism]]'' to distinguish himself from religious ''[[Anti-Judaism]]''.

;[[1881]]-[[1884]]: [[Pogrom]]s sweep southern Russia, propelling mass Jewish emigration: about 2 million Russian Jews emigrated in period [[1880]]-[[1920]]. 
The Russian word "pogrom" becomes international. 

;[[1882]]: The [[Tiszaeszlár blood libel]] in Hungary arouses public opinion throughout Europe.

;[[1882]]: First [[International Anti-Jewish Congress]] convenes at [[Dresden, Germany]]. 

;[[1882]] May:  A series of "temporary laws" by Tsar [[Alexander III of Russia]] (the ''[[May Laws]]''), which adopted a systematic policy of discrimination, with the object of removing the Jews from their economic and public positions, in order to "cause one-third of the Jews to emigrate, one-third to accept baptism and one-third to starve" (according to a remark attributed to [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]])

;[[1887]]: Russia introduces measures to limit Jews access to education, known as the ''quota''. 

;[[1891]]: [[Blood libel]] in Xanten, Germany. 

;[[1891]]: Expulsion of 20,000 Jews from [[Moscow, Russia]]. The [[Congress of the United States]] eases immigration restrictions for Jews from the [[Russian Empire]]. (Webster-Campster report)

;[[1893]]: [[Karl Lueger]] establishes anti-Semitic ''Christian Social Party'' and becomes the Mayor of [[Vienna]] in [[1897]]. 

[[Image:Degradation alfred dreyfus.jpg|thumb|The treason conviction of [[Alfred Dreyfus]].]]
;[[1894]]: The [[Dreyfus Affair]] in France. In [[1898]] [[Émile Zola]] publishes open letter ''J'accuse!''

;[[1895]]: [[A. C. Cuza]] organizes the ''Alliance Anti-semitique Universelle'' in [[Bucharest, Romania]].

;[[1899]]: [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]], racist and anti-Semitic author, publishes his ''Die Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts'' which later became a basis of [[Nazism|National-Socialist]] ideology. 

;[[1899]]: [[Blood libel]] in [[Bohemia]] (the [[Hilsner case]]).

== [[20th century]] ==
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the [[Roman Catholic Church]] adhered to a distinction between "good anti-Semitism" and "bad anti-Semitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc. Many Catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing Jews on such grounds, and, when accused of promoting hatred of Jews, would remind people that they condemned the "bad" kind of anti-Semitism.<ref>[[David Kertzer]], ''The Popes Against the Jews''.</ref>

[[Image:Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg|thumb|The victims of a 1905 pogrom in [[Dnipropetrovsk]]]]
;[[1903]]: The [[Kishinev pogrom]]: 49 Jews murdered. 

;[[1903]]: The first publication of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' [[hoax]] in St. Petersburg, Russia (by [[Pavel Krushevan]]). 

;[[1909]]: [[Salomon Reinach]] and Florence Simmonds refer to "this ''new Anti-Semitism'', masquerading as patriotism, which was first propagated at [[Berlin]] by the court chaplain [[Adolf Stoecker|Stöcker]], with the connivance of Bismarck." <ref>[[Salomon Reinach|Reinach, Salomon]] & Simmonds, Florence. ''Orpheus: A General History of Religions'', G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1909, p. 210.</ref> Similarly, Peter N. Stearns comments that "the ideology behind the new anti-Semitism [in Germany] was more racist than religious." <ref>Stearns, Peter N. ''Impact of the Industrial Revolution: Protest and Alienation''. Prentice Hall, 1972, p. 56.</ref>

;[[1911]]: The [[Blood libel]] trial of [[Menahem Mendel Beilis]] in Kiev. 

;[[1915]]: The [[World War I]] prompts expulsion of 250,000 Jews from Western Russia. 

;[[1917]]-[[1921]]: Attacked for being revolutionaries or counter-revolutionaries, unpatriotic pacifists or warmongers, religious zealots or godless atheists, capitalist exploiters or bourgeois profiteers, masses of Jewish civilians (by various estimates 70,000 to 250,000, the number of orphans exceeded 300,000) were murdered in [[pogrom]]s in the course of [[Russian Civil War]]. Out of estimated 900 mass pogroms: 
:*about 40% were perpetrated by the forces led by [[Simon Petlyura]] fighting for the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]. Its head [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]] was quoted as saying: "The pogroms will cease when Jews will cease to be Communists", 
:*25% by the [[Green Army]] and various nationalist and anarchist gangs, 
:*17% by the [[White Army]], especially forces of [[Anton Denikin]], 
:*8.5% by the [[Red Army]].<ref>[[Solzhenitsyn]] ''200 Years Together''. Note: in the source the numbers don't add up to full 100%</ref> 

;[[1919]]-[[1922]]: Soviet [[Yevsektsiya]] (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) attacks [[General Jewish Labor Union|Bund]] and Zionist parties for "Jewish cultural particularism". In April [[1920]], the All-Russian Zionist Congress is broken up by [[Cheka]] led by [[Bolshevik]]s, whose leadership and ranks included many anti-Jewish Jews. Thousands are arrested and sent to [[Gulag]] for "counter-revolutionary... collusion in the interests of Anglo-French bourgeoisie... to restore the Palestine state." [[Hebrew language]] is banned, Judaism is suppressed, along with other religions. 

;[[1920]]: The [[Jerusalem pogrom of April, 1920]] of old [[Yishuv]], incited by [[Haj Amin Al-Husseini]].

[[Image:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 1927 Paris Ru emig.jpg|140px|thumb|The ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Protocols]]'' issued by Russian emigrants in Paris, 1927]]
: The idea that the [[Bolshevik revolution]] was a Jewish [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy]] for the [[world domination]] sparks worldwide interest in ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''. In a single year, five editions are sold out in England alone. In the US [[Henry Ford]] prints 500,000 copies and begins a series of anti-Semitic articles in ''[[The Dearborn Independent]]'' newspaper. 

;[[1921]] May 1-4: [[Jaffa riots]] in Palestine. 

;[[1921]]-[[1925]]: Outbreak of Anti-Semitism in [[USA]], led by [[Ku Klux Klan]]. 

;[[1925]]: [[Adolf Hitler]] publishes ''[[Mein Kampf]]''. 

;[[1929]] August 23: The ancient Jewish community of [[Hebron]] is destroyed in the [[Hebron#1929 Massacre|Hebron massacre]]. <ref>[http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/hebron29.html Hebron Massacre]</ref>

;[[1933]]-[[1941]]: Persecution of Jews in Germany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, but also as human beings. During this time anti-Semitism reached its all-time high.[http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch16.htm]
:*Law against Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities
:*Law for the Reestablishment of the Professional Civil Service (ban on professions)

;[[1934]]: 2,000 of [[Afghanistan|Afghani]] Jews expelled from their towns and forced to live in the wilderness.

;[[1935]]: [[Nuremberg Laws]] introduced. Jewish rights rescinded. The Reich Citizenship Law strips them of citizenship. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor:
:*Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. 
:*Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
:*Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants.
:*Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors.

;[[1938]]: [[Anschluss]], [[pogroms]] in [[Vienna]], anti-Jewish legislation, deportations to [[concentration camps]]. 
:*Decree authorizing local authorities to bar Jews from the streets on certain days 
:*Decree empowering the justice Ministry to void wills offending the "sound judgment of the people"
:*Decree providing for compulsory sale of Jewish real estate
:*Decree providing for liquidation of Jewish real estate agencies, brokerage agencies, and marriage agencies catering to non-Jews
:*Directive providing for concentration of Jews in houses

;[[1938]]: Father [[Charles E. Coughlin]], Roman Catholic priest, starts anti-Semitic weekly radio broadcasts in the United States. 

;[[1938]] [[November 9]]-10: [[Kristallnacht]] (Night of The Broken Glass).  In one night most German synagogues and hundreds of Jewish-owned German businesses are destroyed. Almost 100 Jews are killed, and 10,000 are sent to concentration camps.<ref>[http://www.aish.com/holocaust/issues/Kristallnacht_And_The_Worlds_Response.asp Kristallnacht and The World's Response]</ref>

;[[1938]] [[November 17]]: Racial legislation introduced in [[Italy]]. Anti Jewish economic legislation in [[Hungary]].

;[[1938]] July 6-15: [[Evian Conference]]: 31 countries refuse to accept Jews trying to escape Nazi Germany (with exception of [[Dominican Republic]]). Most find temporary refuge in Poland. See also [[Bermuda Conference]]. 

;[[1939]]: The "Voyage of the damned": [[S.S. St. Louis]], carrying 907 Jewish refugees from Germany, is turned back by Cuba and the US.<ref>[http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouis.html The Tragedy of the S.S. St. Louis]</ref>

;[[1939]] February: The [[Congress of the United States]] rejects the [[Wagner-Rogers Bill]], an effort to admit 20,000 Jewish refugee children under the age of 14 from Nazi Germany.<ref>
[http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/jwb/Collab/WWIIEssay.htm A Decision Not to Save 20,000 Jewish Children]</ref>

[[Image:Gen Eisenhower at death camp report.jpg|thumb|General [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] inspecting prisoners' corpses at a liberated concentration camp, 1945]]
;[[1939]]-[[1945]]: '''[[The Holocaust]]'''. About 6 million Jews, including 1.5 million children, systematically killed by [[Nazi Germany]]. See also [[Holocaust denial]].

;[[1941]]: The [[Farhud]] pogrom in [[Baghdad]] results in 200 Jews dead, 2,000 wounded. 

;[[1946]] [[July 4]]: The [[Kielce pogrom]]. 37 (+2) Jews were massacred and 80 wounded out of about 200 who returned home after [[World War II]]. There were also killed 2 non-Jewish Poles. 

;[[1946]]: [[Nikita Khrushchev]], then the first secretary of [[Communist party]] of [[Ukraine]], closes many synagogues (the number declines from 450 to 60) and prevents Jewish refugees from returning to their homes: "It is not in our interests that the Ukrainians should associate the return of the Soviet power with the return of the Jews." <ref>Joseph Schechtmann, ''Star in Eclipse: Russian Jewry Revisited''</ref> 

;[[1948]] January 13: [[Solomon Mikhoels]], actor-director of the [[Moscow State Jewish Theater]] and chairman of [[Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee]] is killed in suspicious car accident (see [[MGB (USSR)|MGB]]). Mass arrests of prominent Jewish intellectuals and suppression of Jewish culture follow under the banners of campaign on ''[[rootless cosmopolitan]]ism'' and ''[[anti-Zionism]]''. 

;[[1948]]-[[2001]]: Anti-Semitism played a major role in the [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands]]. The Jewish population in the Arab [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] has decreased from 900,000 in 1948 to less than 8,000 in 2001.

;[[1952]] August 12-13: The [[Night of the Murdered Poets]]. Thirteen most prominent Soviet Yiddish writers, poets, actors and other intellectuals were executed, among them [[Peretz Markish]], [[Leib Kwitko]], [[David Hofstein]], [[Itzik Feffer]], [[David Bergelson]], [[Der Nister]]. <ref>[http://www.joshuarubenstein.com/rubenstein/stalinsecret/intro.html Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee] (introduction) by Joshua Rubenstein</ref> <ref>[http://www.midstreamthf.com/200207/feature.html Seven-fold Betrayal: The Murder of Soviet Yiddish] by Joseph Sherman</ref>

In 1955 UN General Assembly's session a high Soviet official still denied the "rumors" about their disappearance. 

;[[1952]]: The [[Prague Trials]] in [[Czechoslovakia]]. 

;[[1953]]: The [[Doctors' plot]] false accusation in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. Scores of Soviet Jews dismissed from their jobs, arrested, some executed. The USSR was accused of pursuing a "new anti-Semitism." <ref>Schwarz, Solomon M. "The New Anti-Semitism of the Soviet Union," ''Commentary'', June 1949.</ref> Stalinist opposition to "[[rootless cosmopolitan]]s" &ndash; a euphemism for Jews &ndash; was rooted in the belief, as expressed by [[Klement Gottwald]], that "treason and espionage infiltrate the ranks of the Communist Party. This channel is [[Zionism]]." <ref>''Pravda 1952, November 21''</ref> This newer anti-Semitism was, in effect, a species of anti-Zionism.

;[[1964]]: The [[Catholic Church]] under [[Pope Paul VI]] issues the document ''[[Nostra Aetate]]'' as part of [[Vatican II]], repudiating the doctrine of Jewish guilt for the [[Crucifixion]].

[[Image:Iudaism bez prikras 63-7.gif|thumb|"Judaism Without Embellishments" published by the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in [[1963]]]]
;[[1960s]]-[[1991]]: The rise of ''[[Zionology]]'' in the [[Soviet Union]]. In [[1983]], the Department of Propaganda and the [[KGB]]'s [[Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public]] orchestrates formally "anti-Zionist" campaign. 

;[[1968]]: [[Polish 1968 political crisis]]. The state-organized anti-Semitic campaign in the [[People's Republic of Poland]] under guise of "anti-Zionism" drives out most of remaining Jewish population.

;[[1972]]: The [[Munich Olympic Massacre]]. 

; [[1983]]: The [[Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod]] officially disassociates itself from "intemperate remarks about Jews" in Luther's works. Since then, many [[Lutheran church]] bodies and organizations have issued similar statements. (See [[Martin Luther and the Jews]])

;Since [[1987]]: Activities of [[Pamyat]] and other "nonformal" [[ultra-nationalist]] organizations in the [[Soviet Union]]. 

;[[1992]] March 17: The [[Israeli Embassy Attack in Buenos Aires]].  29 killed, and 242 wounded. 

;[[1994]] July 18: [[Buenos Aires]]. The [[AMIA Bombing|Argentina-Israeli Mutual Association building bombing]]. 86 killed, 300 wounded.

;[[1999]] August 10: [[Buford O. Furrow, Jr.]] kills mail carrier [[Joseph Santos Ileto]] and shoots five people in the [[August 1999 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting]].

== [[21st century]] ==
;[[2001]] after September 11: "Support of Israel" is among the reasons cited by [[Osama bin Ladin]]/[[Al-Qaeda]] for the [[9/11#Motive|9/11]] attacks.

;[[2002]]: Massive European wave of attacks on Jews and Jewish institutions between March and May, with largest number of attacks occurring in France.

;[[2003]] October 16: The [[Malaysia]]n Prime Minister Dr. [[Mahathir Mohammed]] draws standing ovation at the 57-member [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]] for his speech. An excerpt: "...But today the Jews rule this world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them... They invented socialism, communism, human rights and democracy so that persecuting them would appear to be wrong..." 

;[[2003]]: The [[Istanbul Bombings]].

;[[2004]] June: A series of attacks on Jewish cemeteries in [[Wellington]],[[New Zealand]].

;[[2004]] September: The [[European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia|European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]], a part of the [[Council of Europe]], called on its member nations to "ensure that criminal law in the field of combating racism covers anti-Semitism" and to penalize intentional acts of public incitement to violence, hatred or discrimination, public insults and defamation, threats against a person or group, and the expression of anti-Semitic ideologies. It urged member nations to "prosecute people who deny, trivialize or justify the Holocaust". The report was drawn up in wake of a rise in attacks on Jews in Europe. The report said it was Europe's "duty to remember the past by remaining vigilant and actively opposing any manifestations of racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and intolerance... Anti-Semitism is not a phenomenon of the past and... the slogan 'never again' is as relevant today as it was 60 years ago." ([http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1095650548542])

;[[2005]] September: Throughout the [[Poland|Polish]] election [[Radio Maryja]] continued to promote antisemitic views, including denial of the facts of the [[Jedwabne pogrom]] in 1941. Their support of right-wing conservative [[Law and Justice|Law and Justice party]] is considered a major factor in their electoral victory. <ref>[http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/poland.htm  Stephen Roth Institute, Annual Report, Poland]</ref>

;[[2005]] October: A nazi swastika was spray-painted to the side of Temple Beth El synagogue in Portland, Maine.

;[[2005]]: A group of 15 members  of the State [[Duma]] of [[Russia]] demands that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned from the country. In June, 500 prominent Russians demand that the state prosecutor investigate ancient Jewish texts as "anti-Russian" and ban Judaism. The investigation was launched, but halted among international outcry.

;[[2005]] December: [[Iran]]ian president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] widens the hostility between Iran and Israel by [[Holocaust denial|denying the Holocaust]] during a speech in the Iranian city of [[Zahedan]]. He made the following comments on live television: "They have invented a myth that Jews were massacred and place this above God, religions and the prophets." Continuing, he suggested that if the Holocaust had occurred, that it was the responsibility of Europeans to offer up territory to Jews: "This is our proposal: give a part of your own land in Europe, the United States, Canada or Alaska to them [the Jews] so that the Jews can establish their country." See [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel]] 

;[[2006]] February: A French Jew, [[Ilan Halimi]] is kidnapped and [[Torture murder|tortured to death]] for 23 days in what Paris police have officially declared an anti-Semitic act <ref>[http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/042706/njRallyHonorsLegacy.html Rally honors legacy of slain French Jew] by Norm Oshrin (NJ Jewish News)</ref> and this event causes international outcry. <ref>[http://www.hillel.org/Hillel/NewHille.nsf/0/D8E7DAAD0B47A36D85257161006056C8?OpenDocument Rutgers University Students Pay Tribute to Hate-Crime Victim] May 01, 2006</ref> On May 9, the Helsinki Commission held a briefing titled "Tools for Combating Anti-Semitism: Police Training and Holocaust Education". <ref>[http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/-osce-critical-point-fight-against-anti-semitism-helsinki-/2006/05/12/1648075.htm  OSCE at 'Critical Point' in Fight Against Anti-Semitism] May 12, 2006</ref>

;[[2006]] March: Two synagogues in [[Montreal]] were vandalized with spray-painted swastikas and Nazi SS symbols. <ref>[http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/anti-semitism_global_incidents_2006.asp "Global Anti-Semitism:Selected Incidents Around the World in 2006"]</ref>

;[[2006]] July: [[Naveed Afzal Haq]] kills Pamela Waechter and injures five others in the [[July 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting]].

;[[2006]] August: A restaurant called [[Hitlers' Cross]] opened in [[Bombay]]. After protests from the Indian Jewish community, Israel and Germany the proprietors announced that they would change the name. <ref>[http://www.antisemitism.org.il/frontend/english/ForumReport.asp The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism]</ref>

----
Anti-Semitism is regarded by some as a cause of the continuing [[terrorism against Israel]]  over the course of the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]].

== See also ==
*[[Anti-Semitism]]
*[[New anti-Semitism]]
*[[List of blood libels against Jews]]
*[[Christianity and anti-Semitism]]
*[[Christian Opposition to Anti-Semitism]]
*[[Arabs and anti-Semitism]]
*[[Islam and anti-Semitism]]
*[[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union]]
*[[History of the Jews in Poland]]
*[[Timeline of Jewish history]] 
*[[History of ancient Israel and Judah]]
*[[History of Israel]]
*[[History of Palestine]]
*[[Anti-Zionism]]
*[[Arab-Israeli conflict]]
*[[Righteous Among the Nations]]

== Books ==
* ISBN 0-7065-1327-4 ''Anti-Semitism'', Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1974.
* ISBN 1-55972-436-6 ''But Were They Good for the Jews? Over 150 Historical Figures Viewed Fom a Jewish Perspective'' (by Elliot Rosenberg)
* ISBN 0-06-015698-8 ''A History of the Jews'' (by Paul Johnson)
* ISBN 0-7879-6851-X ''The New Anti-Semitism'' (by Phyllis Chesler)
* ISBN 0-06-054246-2 ''Never Again?: The Threat of the New Anti-Semitism'' (by Abraham Foxman)
* ISBN 0-300-08486-2 ''Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee'' (by Joshua Rubenstein)
* ISBN 0-253-33784-4 ''The Moscow State Yiddish Theater'' (by Jeffrey Veidlinger)
* ISBN 0-8276-0636-2 ''History and Hate: The Dimensions of Anti-Semitism'' (ed. David Berger)
* ISBN 0-8091-2702-4 ''The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism'' (by Edward H. Flannery)
* ISBN 0-88619-064-9 ''None is too many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1948'' (by Irving M. Abella, Harold M. Troper)
* ISBN 0-8050-5944-X ''The Enemy at His Pleasure: A Journey Through the Jewish Pale of Settlement During World War I'' (by [[S. Ansky]], translated by Joachim Neugroschel)
* ISBN 0-393-31839-7 ''Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice'' (by Bernard Lewis)
* ISBN 0-8419-0910-5 ''The Destruction of European Jews'' (by Raul Hilberg) Holmes & Meier Publishers. 1985
* ISBN 0-275-98101-0 ''Islam at War'' (by George Nafziger & Mark Walton) Greenwood Publishers Group. 2003

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/index.cfm Antisemitism through the Ages] Exposition at Florida Holocaust Museum 
*[http://www.cdn-friends-icej.ca/antiholo/summanti.html Anti-Semitism: What Is It?]
*[http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/antisem.html Anti-Semitism & Responses]
*[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1t.html#Anti-Semitism Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Anti-Semitism] 
*[http://www.neveragain.org/time.htm Never Again: The Holocaust Timeline]
*[http://www.lib.umd.edu/SLSES/donors/eng_articles/ussr.html Yiddish in the USSR (by S. L. Shneiderman)]
*[http://www.music-lovers.co.il/russia/miscellaneous_files/ivri_pages/mikhoels.html Solomon Mikhoels]
*[http://www.mideastweb.org/timeline.htm MidEastWeb: Israel-Arab Conflict Timeline]
* [http://pnews.org/art/10art/ROOT.shtml Islamic Antisemitism And Its Nazi Roots]
*[http://christianactionforisrael.org/un/all.html United Nations and Israel]
*[http://www.cdn-friends-icej.ca/un/secret.html The U.N.'s Dirty Little Secret]
*[http://focusonjerusalem.com/antisemitisminun.html Anti-Semitism in the United Nations]
*[http://www.forgottenexodus.com/mizrahitimeline.htm The Forgotten Jewish Exodus: Mizrahi Timeline]
*[http://www.jimena-justice.org/ Jews indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa]
*[http://www.jcpa.org/phas.htm Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs: Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism]
*[http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/dem.html Materials for the International Conference The "Other" as Threat: Demonization and Antisemitism] Jerusalem, June 1995
*[http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/resources/education/historicalsurvey/ SWC Museum of Tolerance] Antisemitism: A Historical Survey
*[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=13496 Antisemitism in the UC Berkeley today]; [http://www.eastbayexpress.com/issues/2004-06-09/news/letters.html response to "Antisemitism in the UC Berkeley today"]

[[Category:Anti-Semitism]]
[[Category:Jewish history|Anti-Semitism]]

[[sr:Историјат антисемитизма]]