{{otherhurricaneuses|Tropical Storm Katrina (disambiguation)|the Atlantic hurricane of 2005}}
{{Infobox hurricane
| name=Hurricane Katrina
| image location=Hurricane Katrina August 28 2005 NASA.jpg
| category=cat5
| type=hurricane
| image name=Hurricane Katrina near peak strength on [[August 28]], [[2005]]
| formed=[[August 23]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[August 31]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=175 [[mph]] (280 [[km/h]])
| lowest pressure=902 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
| total damages=$81.2 billion (2005 [[USD]]) (costliest [[Atlantic hurricane]] in history)
| total fatalities=≥1,836 total
| areas affected=[[Bahamas]], [[South Florida]], [[Cuba]], [[Louisiana]] (especially [[Greater New Orleans]]), [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], [[Florida Panhandle]], most of eastern [[North America]]
| hurricane season=[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
{{Katrina}}
'''Hurricane Katrina''' was the costliest and one of the deadliest [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]]s in the history of the [[United States]]. It was the sixth-strongest [[Atlantic hurricane]] ever recorded and the third-strongest landfalling U.S. hurricane ever recorded. Katrina formed in late August during the [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season]] and devastated much of the north-central [[Gulf Coast of the United States]]. Most notable in media coverage were [[effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans|the catastrophic effects]] on the city of [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]. Katrina's sheer size devastated the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] over 100 miles (160 km) away from its center.
Katrina was the eleventh named storm, fifth hurricane, third [[Tropical cyclone#Categories and ranking|major hurricane]], and second [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 5 hurricane]] of the 2005 Atlantic season. It formed over the [[Bahamas]] on [[August 23]], [[2005]], and crossed southern [[Florida]] as a moderate [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 1 hurricane]] before strengthening rapidly in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and becoming one of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded in the Gulf. The storm weakened considerably before making its second and third landfalls as a Category 3 storm on the morning of [[August 29]] in southeast Louisiana and at the Louisiana/Mississippi state line, respectively.
The storm surge caused severe or catastrophic damage along the coastlines of [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]] and [[Louisiana]], including the cities of [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] (Alabama), [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]] and [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport]] (Mississippi), and [[Slidell, Louisiana|Slidell]] (Louisiana). [[Levee]]s separating [[Lake Pontchartrain]] and Lake Borgne from New Orleans were breached by the surge, ultimately flooding 80% of the city and many areas of neighboring [[civil parish|parishes]]. Severe wind damage was reported well inland. Katrina is estimated to be responsible for $81.2 billion (2005 [[United States dollar|US dollars]]) in damages, making it the costliest hurricane in U.S. history. The storm killed at least 1,836 people, making it the deadliest U.S. hurricane since the [[1928 Okeechobee Hurricane]]. Criticism of the federal, state and local governments' reaction to the storm was widespread and resulted in an investigation by the [[United States Congress]] and the resignation of [[FEMA]] head [[Michael D. Brown|Michael Brown]].
==Storm history==
{{main|Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina}}
{{storm path|Katrina 2005 track.png}}
Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on [[August 23]], [[2005]] as the result of an interaction of a [[tropical wave]] and the remains of [[List of 2005 Atlantic hurricane season storms#Tropical Depression Ten|Tropical Depression Ten]]. The system was upgraded to [[Tropical cyclone#Intensity classifications|tropical storm status]] on the morning of [[August 24]] and at this point, the storm was given the name ''Katrina.'' The tropical storm continued to move towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before it made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] between [[Hallandale Beach, Florida|Hallandale Beach]] and [[Aventura, Florida]] on the morning of [[August 25]]. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the [[Gulf of Mexico]].[{{cite web|last=Knabb|first=Richard D|coauthors=Rhome, Jamie R.; Brown, Daniel P|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: 23-30 August 2005|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=[[December 20]], [[2005]]|accessdate=2006-05-30}}]
The storm [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] after entering the Gulf, in part due to the storm's movement over the warm [[sea surface temperature|water]]s of the [[Loop Current]].[Leben, Robert; Born, George; Scott, Jim. "[http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/358.html CU-Boulder Researchers Chart Katrina's Growth In Gulf Of Mexico]." ''[[University of Colorado at Boulder]].'' [[September 15]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] On [[August 27]], the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]], becoming the third [[Tropical cyclone#Categories and ranking|major hurricane]] of the season. An [[eyewall#Eyewall replacement cycles|eyewall replacement cycle]] disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size. Katrina again rapidly intensified, attaining Category 5 status on the morning of [[August 28]] and reached its peak strength at 1:00 p.m. CDT that day, with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central [[atmospheric pressure|pressure]] of 902 [[mbar]]. The pressure measurement made Katrina the fourth most intense [[Atlantic hurricane]] on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]] and [[Hurricane Wilma|Wilma]] later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time as well (a record also later broken by Rita).[Staff writer. "[http://floridadisaster.org/eoc/eoc_activations/katrina05/reports/Sitrep_Katrina_082605_3.pdf Hurricane Katrina Situation Report No. 3]." ''Florida State Emergency Response Team.'' [[August 26]], [[2005]]. URL accessed on [[2006-06-06]].]
===Federal government===
[[Image:BUSHLA.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Flanked by [[Michael Chertoff]], [[Secretary of Homeland Security]], left, and [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]], President [[George W. Bush]] meets with members of the [[White House]] Task Force on Hurricane Katrina Recovery on [[August 31]], [[2005]], in the Cabinet Room of the [[White House]].]]
On the morning of [[August 26]], at 10 a.m. [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] (1500 [[UTC]]), Katrina had strengthened to a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3]] storm in the Gulf of Mexico. Later that afternoon, the NHC realized that Katrina had yet to make the turn toward the Florida Panhandle and ended up revising the predicted track of the storm from the panhandle to the Mississippi coast.[Spann, James. [http://www.jamesspann.com/bmachine/calendar/wxtalk/26,08,2005 "Models Shifting West," "NHC Shifting Track To MS Coast" and "Late Katrina Thoughts" from the ABC33/40 Weather Blog] August 26, 2005. URL accessed July 23, 2006]. The NHC issued a hurricane watch for southeastern Louisiana, including the New Orleans area at 10 a.m. CDT [[August 27]]. That afternoon the NHC extended the watch to cover the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines as well as the Louisiana coast to Intracoastal City. [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] declared a state of emergency in Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi two days before the hurricane made landfall.[Bush, George W. "[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/08/20050827-1.html Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana]." ''[[White House]].'' [[August 27]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] That same evening, the NHC upgraded the section of the hurricane watch from [[Morgan City, Louisiana]] to the Alabama-Florida border to a hurricane warning, 12 hours after it was issued, and also issued a tropical storm warning for the westernmost Florida Panhandle.["[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/August_28_2005_10:11_AM_CDT_NOAA_Bulletin Urgent Weather Message]." ''[[National Weather Service]]/[[New Orleans, Louisiana]].'' [[August 28]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast [[Louisiana]] as well as coastal [[Mississippi]] and [[Alabama]]. About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order.[{{cite book| author=[[United States Congress]] | year = [[February 19]], [[2006]] | title = A Failure of Initiative: Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina | publisher = [[Government Printing Office]] | location = [[Washington, DC]] | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-04-10 |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/katrinareport/fullreport.pdf}}]
Louisiana's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases, starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds. Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas (including New Orleans) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds.[{{cite web | author = Louisiana Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness | title = Louisiana Citizen Awareness and Disaster Evacuation Guide | accessdate = 2006-07-20 | url = http://www.ohsep.louisiana.gov/evacinfo/stateevacrtes.htm}}]
However, many private care-taking facilities who relied on bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges. Fuel and rental cars were in short supply and many forms of public transportation had been shut down well before the storm arrived.[Rulon, Malia; Scott, Katerine Hutt. "[http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050905/NEWS01/509050309/1009 Evacuation plan failed to consider those without transportation]." ''Burlington Free Press.'' [[March 11]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Some estimates claimed that 80% of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated, leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the [[Hurricane Ivan]] evacuation.[Brown, Aaron. "[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0508/29/asb.01.html Hurricane Katrina Pummels Three States (Transcript of CNN Newsnight with Aaron Brown)]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[August 29]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
By Sunday, [[August 28]], most infrastructure along the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] had been shut down, including all [[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Amtrak]] rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the [[Waterford Nuclear Generating Station]].["[http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Copy/Simple_Copy_Popup&c=am2Copy&cid=1093554014709 Service Alert: Hurricane Katrina Update - City of New Orleans, Crescent, Sunset Limited - Revised Service Information]." ''[[Amtrak]].'' [[September 1]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] The NHC maintained the coastal warnings until late on [[August 29]], by which time Hurricane Katrina was over central Mississippi.["[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/prb/al122005.prblty.015.shtml Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 15]," & "[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/prb/al122005.prblty.021.shtml Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 21]." ''[[National Hurricane Center]].'' [[August 26]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because 80% of the city of New Orleans and 20% of the New Orleans metropolitan area is below sea level along [[Lake Pontchartrain]]. Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.[Drye, Willie. "[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0829_050829_hurricane.html Hurricane Katrina Pulls Its Punches in New Orleans]." ''[[National Geographic]].'' [[August 29]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] This risk of devastation was well known; previous studies by [[Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States|FEMA]] and the [[Army Corps of Engineers]] had warned that a direct hurricane strike on New Orleans could lead to massive flooding, which would lead to thousands of drowning deaths, as well as many more suffering from disease and dehydration as the flood waters slowly receded from the city.[Bourne, Joel K. "[http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0410/feature5/ Gone with the Water]." ''[[National Geographic]].'' October 2004. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
At a news conference at 10:00 a.m. on [[August 28]], shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 5]] storm, New Orleans mayor [[Ray Nagin]] ordered the first ever [[emergency evacuation|mandatory evacuation]] of the city, calling Katrina "a storm that most of us have long feared".[Staff Writer. "[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,167270,00.html Katrina Heads for New Orleans]." ''[[Fox News]]/[[Associated Press]].'' [[August 29]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] The government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive [[Louisiana Superdome]], which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.nola.com/newslogs/breakingtp/index.ssf?/mtlogs/nola_Times-Picayune/archives/2005_08_28.html#074657 26,000 shelter at Superdome]." ''[[Times-Picayune]].'' [[August 28]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
==Impact==
{{main|Hurricane Katrina effects by region|Hurricane Katrina death toll by locality}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin:1em;"
! colspan="2" | Deaths by state
|-
| [[Alabama]] || 2
|-
| [[Florida]] || 14
|-
| [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] || 2
|-
| [[Kentucky]] || 1
|-
| [[Louisiana]] || 1,577*
|-
| [[Mississippi]] || 238
|-
| [[Ohio]] || 2
|-
! Total !! 1,836
|-
| Add'l missing || 705
|-
|colspan=2 | *Includes out-of-state evacuees
counted by Louisiana
|}
On [[August 29]], Katrina's [[storm surge]] caused several [[breach|breaches]] in [[levees]] around [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]]. Most of the city was subsequently [[flood]]ed, as the breached drainage and navigation canals allowed water to flow from the lake into low areas of the city and [[Saint Bernard Parish]]. Storm surge also devastated the coasts of [[Mississippi]] and [[Alabama]], making Katrina the most destructive and costliest [[natural disaster]] in the history of the [[United States]], and the deadliest hurricane since the [[1928 Okeechobee Hurricane]]. The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $81.2 billion (2005 [[US dollars]]), nearly double the cost of the previously most expensive storm, [[Hurricane Andrew]], when adjusted for inflation.[{{cite web | author=[[United States Department of Commerce]] | year=2006 | title=Hurricane Katrina Service Assessment Report | date=June 2006 | accessdate=2006-07-14 | format = PDF | url=http://www.weather.gov/om/assessments/pdfs/Katrina.pdf}}]
As of [[May 19]], [[2006]], the confirmed death toll (total of direct and indirect deaths) stood at 1,836, mainly from Louisiana (1,577) and Mississippi (238).["[http://www.dhh.louisiana.gov/offices/page.asp?ID=192&Detail=5248 Reports of Missing and Deceased]." ''Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals.'' [[April 18]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]["[http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-5/1148020620117480.xml&coll=1 Deaths of evacuees push toll to 1,577]." ''New Orleans Times-Picayune.'' [[May 19]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] However, 705 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana, so this number is not final even nine months after the storm.[Michelle Krupa "[http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-5/1141545589263750.xml Presumed Missing]" ''Times-Picayune'', [[March 5]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Many of the deaths are indirect, but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities.
[[Federal government of the United States|Federal]] disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles ([[1 E11 m²|233,000 km²]]) of the United States, an area almost as large as the [[Geography of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity. On [[September 3]], [[2005]], [[Homeland Security]] Secretary [[Michael Chertoff]] described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as "probably the worst catastrophe, or set of catastrophes," in the country's history, referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans.["[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0509/03/cst.04.html The Aftermath of Katrina: Transcript of CNN Live Saturday]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 3]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===South Florida and Cuba===
[[Image:Hurricane_damage_to_mobile_home_in_Davie_Florida.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Damage to a mobile home in [[Davie, Florida]] following Hurricane Katrina.]]
Hurricane Katrina first made landfall on [[August 25]] in [[South Florida]] where it hit as a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 1]] hurricane, with 80 mph (130 km/h) winds. Rainfall was heavy in places and exceeded 14 inches (350 mm) in [[Homestead, Florida]],[Devenas, Andy "[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/Marathon_Report.pdf Marathon Tornado Survey Report]." ''[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/ NWS Key West].'' Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
Although Hurricane Katrina stayed well to the north of [[Cuba]], on [[August 29]] it brought tropical-storm force winds and rainfall of over 8 inches (200 mm) to western regions of the island. Telephone and power lines were damaged and around 8,000 people were evacuated in the [[Pinar del Río Province]]. According to Cuban television reports the coastal city of Surgidero de Batabano was 90% underwater. There were no reports of any deaths in Cuba as a result of Hurricane Katrina.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/08/29/batters.shtml Hurricane Katrina batters western Cuba]." ''[http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/ Caribbean Net News].'' [[August 29]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===Louisiana===
[[Image:PostVeniceLG.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Flooding in [[Venice, Louisiana]].]]
On [[August 29]] Hurricane Katrina made landfall near [[Buras, Louisiana]] with 125 mph (205 km/h) winds, as a strong Category 3 storm. However as it had only just weakened from Category 4 strength and the radius of maximum winds was large, it is possible that sustained winds of Category 4 strength briefly impacted extreme southeastern Louisiana. Although the storm surge to the east of the path of the eye in [[Mississippi]] was higher, a very significant surge affected the Louisiana coast. The height of the surge is uncertain due to a lack of data, although a tide gauge in [[Plaquemines Parish]] indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 meters) and a 12 foot (3 meter) storm surge was recorded in [[Grand Isle, Louisiana|Grand Isle]].[Staff Writer. "[http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/katrina/katrina_083005_1600.pdf Hurricane Katrina Situation Report #11]." ''Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) [[United States Department of Energy]].'' [[August 30]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
In hard-hit [[St. Bernard Parish]], which was entirely flooded by Katrina, the search for the missing was slow. According to an interview in [[Times-Picayune|The Times-Picayune]], the coroner was still trying to get a list of missing from the [[Red Cross]] in November 2005. While there were some victims on this list whose bodies were found in their homes, the vast majority were tracked down through word-of-mouth and credit card records. As of December 2005, the official missing list in the Parish stood at 47.[Cannizaro, Steve. "[http://www.sbpg.net/cannizaro121705a.html List of Missing Residents Down to 47, and More...]" ''St. Bernard Parish Government (press release).'' [[December 17]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
====New Orleans====
{{main|Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans|Levee failures in Greater New Orleans, 2005}}
[[Image:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Flooded I-10/I-610/West End Blvd. [[interchange (road)|interchange]] and surrounding area of northwest New Orleans and Metairie, Louisiana]]
As the eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast, it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours. Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans, there were a few measurements of hurricane-force winds. From this the NHC concluded that it is likely that much of the city experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or Category 2 strength. However, wind speeds increase with height, and therefore the winds experienced on upper floors of high rise structures were likely to have been significantly higher.[Murphy, Verity. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4307972.stm Fixing New Orleans' thin grey line]." ''[[BBC News]].'' [[October 4]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
Most of the major roads traveling into and out of the city were damaged. The only routes out of the city were the westbound Crescent City Connection and the Huey P. Long Bridge, as the [[I-10 Twin Span Bridge]] traveling eastbound towards [[Slidell, Louisiana]] had collapsed. The [[Lake Pontchartrain Causeway]] only carried emergency traffic.[Gordon, Meghan. "[http://www.nola.com/newslogs/breakingtp/index.ssf?/mtlogs/nola_Times-Picayune/archives/2005_08_31.html#075566 Causeway closed by hardly damaged]." ''[[Times Picayune]].'' [[August 31]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
On [[August 29]], at 7:40 a.m. CDT, it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown out, and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage.[Transcript from, ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]].'' "[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/weather/july-dec05/katrina_8-29.html Hurricane Damages Gulf Coast]." ''[[PBS]].'' [[August 29]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city, with beds reported to be flying out of the windows. Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel's glass exterior was completely sheared off.[Mowbray, Rebecca. "[http://www.nola.com/hurricane/t-p/katrina.ssf?/hurricane/katrina/stories/083005_a15_hotels.html Evacuations to hotels come with own set of hazards]." ''[[Times-Picayune]].'' [[August 30]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
[[Image:Navy-KatrinaSurvivorFlyover.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A U.S. Coast Guardsman searches for survivors in New Orleans in the aftermath of Katrina.]]
The [[Louisiana Superdome|Superdome]], which was sheltering a large number of people who had not evacuated, sustained significant damage. Two sections of the Superdome's roof were compromised and the dome's waterproof membrane had essentially been peeled off. [[Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport]] was closed before the storm but did not flood. On [[August 30]], it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations. Limited commercial passenger service resumed at the airport on [[September 13]] and regular carrier operations resumed in early October. [Staff Writer. "[http://www.flymsy.com/Katrinastory.htm Hurricane Katrina from the Airport's Point of View]." ''[[Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport]].'' accessed [[May 28]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
Katrina also caused widespread loss of life, with over 700 bodies recovered in New Orleans by [[October 23]].[Warner, Coleman; Travis, Robert. "[http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-4/113005097377980.xml Where They Died]." ''[[Times-Picayune]].'' [[October 23]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still-flooded sections, especially in the east of the city. The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected, hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead.[O'Neill, Ann. "[http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/09/09/katrina.morgue/index.html Identifying victims a grueling task]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 9]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
The first deaths reported from the city were reported shortly before midnight on [[August 28]], as three [[nursing home]] patients died during an evacuation to [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], most likely due to dehydration. While there were also early reports of fatalities amid mayhem at the Superdome, only six deaths were confirmed there, with four of these originating from natural causes, one from a drug overdose, and one a suicide. At the Convention Center, four bodies were recovered. One out of these four is believed to be the result of a homicide.[Thevenot, Brian; Russell, Gordon. "[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002520986_katmyth26.html Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated]." ''[[Seattle Times]].'' [[September 26]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===Mississippi===
{{main|Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Mississippi}}
[[Image:Structural_Bridge_Damage.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[U.S. Highway 90]]'s Bay St. Louis Bridge on Pass Christian was destroyed as a result of Katrina.]]
The Gulf Coast of [[Mississippi]] suffered massive damage from the impact of Hurricane Katrina on [[August 29]], leaving 238 people dead, 67 missing, and billions of dollars in damages. After making a brief initial landfall in [[Louisiana]], Katrina made its final landfall near the state line and the eyewall passed over the cities of [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi|Bay St. Louis]] and [[Waveland, Mississippi|Waveland]] as a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3]] hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). Katrina's powerful right-front quadrant passed over the west and central Mississippi coast causing a powerful 27 foot (8.2 meters) [[storm surge]], which penetrated 6 miles (10 km) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles (20 km) inland along bays and rivers; in some areas, the surge reached Interstate 10.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/09/01/katrina/main810916.shtml Mississippi Coast Areas Wiped Out]." ''[[CBS News]].'' [[September 1]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] and that storm surges travelled as much as six miles inland in portions of the state's coast.[{{cite web|author=[[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] | title = Mississippi Hurricane Katrina Surge Inundation and Advisory Base Flood Elevation Map Panel Overview | date = November 2005 | accessdate = 2006-07-16 | format = PDF | publisher = FEMA | url = http://www.fema.gov/pdf/hazard/flood/recoverydata/katrina/ms_overview.pdf}}] Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County, destroying the coastal communities of [[Clermont Harbor, Mississippi|Clermont Harbor]] and [[Waveland, Mississippi|Waveland]], much of [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi|Bay St. Louis]], and flowed up the Jourdan River, flooding [[Kiln, Mississippi|Kiln]]. In Harrison County, [[Pass Christian]] was completely inundated, along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast, which includes the cities of [[Long Beach, Mississippi|Long Beach]] and [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport]]; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as [[D'Iberville]], which borders [[Back Bay]]. [[Biloxi]], on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast, was particularly hard hit, especially the low-lying Point Cadet area. In Jackson County, storm surge flowed up the wide river [[estuary]], with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half. Remarkably, over 90% of [[Pascagoula, Mississippi|Pascagoula]], the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi, and about 75 miles east of Katrina's landfall near the Louisiana-Mississippi border, was flooded from surge at the height of the storm. Other Jackson County communities such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Shores were destroyed, and [[St. Martin, Mississippi|St. Martin]] was hard hit; [[Ocean Springs, Mississippi|Ocean Springs]], [[Moss Point, Mississippi|Moss Point]], [[Gautier, Mississippi|Gautier]], and [[Escatawpa]] also suffered major surge damage.
Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in [[Hinds County, Mississippi|Hinds]], [[Warren County, Mississippi|Warren]], and [[Leake County, Mississippi|Leake]] counties. Over 900,000 people through the state experienced power outages. [Westbrook, Robby; WFO Peachtree City Staff. "[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ffc/html/katrina05.shtml Katrina Spawns Tornadoes in Georgia - August 29, 2005]." ''[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]].'' [[December 1]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===Other US States and Canada===
[[Image:Katrina2005rain.gif|thumb|right|250px|Total rainfall from Katrina.]]
Hurricane Katrina weakened as it moved inland, but tropical-storm force gusts were recorded as far north as [[Fort Campbell, Kentucky]] on [[August 30]] and the winds damaged trees in [[New York]]. The remnants of the storm brought high levels of rainfall to a wide swath of the [[eastern United States]], and rain in excess of 2 inches (50 mm) fell in parts of 20 states.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/tcpat2.html Tropical Summary Message]." ''The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.'' [[August 31]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] A number of tornadoes associated with Katrina formed on [[August 30]] and [[August 31]], which caused minor damages in several regions. In total, 62 tornadoes formed in eight states as a result of Katrina.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.wkyt.com/Global/story.asp?S=3782559 Gov. Fletcher Declares Three Kentucky Counties Disaster Areas]." ''[[WKYT]].'' Accessed on [[April 18]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].][Blanton, Carla; Goins, Michael; Whitaker, Jodi. "[http://kentucky.gov/Newsroom/governor/050830stateofemerg.htm Governor Fletcher declares state of emergency in Kentucky]." ''Commonwealth of Kentucky'' (Press Release). [[August 30]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] One person was killed in [[Hopkinsville, Kentucky]] and part of a high school collapsed.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.wave3.com/Global/story.asp?S=3782760 Hopkinsville Swamped By Floodwaters; 10-Year-Old Drowns]." ''[[WAVE (TV)]].'' [[September 6]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Flooding also prompted a number of evacuations in [[West Virginia]] and [[Ohio]], the rainfall in Ohio leading to two indirect deaths. Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas, with over 100,000 customers affected in [[Tennessee]], primarily in the [[Memphis]] and [[Nashville]] areas.["[http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~600800 Hurricane Katrina: Event Record Details]." ''Satellite and Information Service; [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]].'' Accessed [[May 30]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
The remnants of Katrina merged with a frontal system over Ohio, but the moisture continued north and affected [[Canada]] on [[August 31]]. In [[Ontario]] there were a few isolated reports of rain in excess of 100 mm (4 inches) and there were a few reports of damages due to fallen trees.[Perreault, Bob. "[http://www.cfra.com/headlines/index.asp?cat=1&nid=31504 Brockville May Have Set Rain Record]." ''[[CFRA (AM)]].'' [[September 1]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Flooding also occurred both in Ontario and [[Quebec]], cutting off a number of isolated villages in Quebec.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.recorder.ca/cp/National/050901/n0901137A.html Remnants of Hurricane Katrina washes out roads in Quebec's north shore]." ''[[Canadian Press]].'' [[September 1]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
==Aftermath==
{{seealso|Social effects of Hurricane Katrina|Political effects of Hurricane Katrina|Hurricane Katrina disaster relief}}
===Economic effects===
{{main|Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina}}
The economic effects of the storm were far-reaching. As of April 2006, the Bush Administration has sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region,[St. Onge, Jeff; Epstein, Victor. "[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/04/01/ex_chief_says_fema_readiness_even_worse/ Ex-chief says FEMA readiness even worse]." ''Boston.com.'' [[April 1]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] and this does not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the [[petroleum|oil]] supply, destruction of the Gulf Coast's highway infrastructure, and exports of commodities such as grain. Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 [[oil platform]]s and caused the closure of nine [[oil refinery|refineries]];[Fagot, Caryl; Winbush, Debra. "[http://www.mms.gov/ooc/press/2006/press0222.htm Hurricane Katrina/Hurricane Rita Evacuation and Production Shut-in Statistics Report as of Wednesday, February 22, 2006]." ''[http://www.mms.gov/ U.S. Government Minerals Management Service].'' [[February 22]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected, as 1.3 million acres of forest lands were destroyed.[{{cite web | last = Sheikh
| first = Pervaze A. | date = [[October 18]], [[2005]] | url = http://www.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33117_20051018.pdf | title = The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Biological Resources | format = [[PDF]] | publisher = [[Congressional Research Service]]
| accessdate = 2006-06-05}}] The total loss to the forestry industry due to Katrina is calculated to rise to about $5 billion.[Burton, Mark L.; Hicks, Michael J. "[http://www.marshall.edu/cber/research/katrina/Katrina-Estimates.pdf Hurricane Katrina: Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages]." ''[[Marshall University]]: Center for Business and Economic Research.'' September, 2005. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
Katrina also redistributed New Orleans' population across the southern United States. [[Houston, Texas]] saw an increase of 35,000 people, [[Mobile, Alabama]] gained over 24,000, [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] over 15,000, and [[Hammond, Louisiana]] over 10,000, nearly doubling its size. In late January 2006, about 200,000 people were once again living in New Orleans, less than half of the pre-storm population.[{{cite web | first=Greg | last=Stone | coauthors= Time Grant and Nathaniel Weaver | year = 2006 | title = Rapid Population Estimate Project: January 28-29, 2006 Survey Report | publisher = Emergency Operations Center, City of New Orleans | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-06-22 |url=http://www.cityofno.com/Resources/RPEP_Draft%20Report_Jan2.pdf}}] Additionally, [[Insurance|insurance companies]] have stopped insuring the area due to the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]], or have raised insurance premiums to cover their risk.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/28/eveningnews/main1663142.shtml More Bad News Blows In From Katrina]." ''[[CBS News]].'' [[May 28]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===Environmental effects===
[[Image:Chandeleur L5 Oct2004Sep2005.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Chandeleur Islands]], before Katrina (left) and after (right), showing the impact of the storm along coastal areas.]]
Katrina also had a profound impact on the environment. The storm surge caused substantial [[Coastal erosion|beach erosion]], in some cases completely devastating coastal areas. In [[Dauphin Island]], approximately 150 [[km]] (90 mi) to the east of the point where the hurricane made landfall, the sand that comprised the [[barrier island]] was transported across the island into the [[Mississippi Sound]], pushing the island towards land.[{{cite web | author = [[United States Geological Survey]] | date = [[September 14]], [[2005]] | url = http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/katrina/lidar/dauphin-island.html | title = Daupin Island - Pre- and Post-Storm 3D Topography | work = Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies | publisher = [[USGS]] | accessdate = 2006-06-05}}] The storm surge and waves from Katrina also obliterated the [[Chandeleur Islands]], which had been affected by [[Hurricane Ivan]] the previous year.[{{cite web | author = [[United States Geological Survey]] | date = [[September 14]], [[2005]] | url = http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/katrina/photo-comparisons/chandeleur.html | title = Before and After Photo Comparisons: Chandeleur Islands | work = Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies | publisher = [[USGS]] | accessdate = 2006-06-05}}]
The lands that were lost were also breeding grounds for marine mammals, brown [[pelican]]s, [[turtle]]s, and [[fish]], as well as migratory species such as [[redhead duck]]s.[{{cite web | author = [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] | date = [[September 9]], [[2005]] | url = http://www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2005/r05-088.html | title = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conducting Initial Damage Assessments to Wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges | publisher = [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|USFWS]] | accessdate = 2006-06-05}}] As a result, the hurricane affected the habitats of [[sea turtle]]s, Mississippi [[sandhill crane]]s, [[Red-cockaded woodpecker]]s and [[Alabama Beach Mouse|Alabama Beach mice]].[Rosenblatt, Sarah; Rainey, James. "[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-na-rumors27sep27,0,5536446.story?track=hpmostemailedlink Katrina Rumors]." ''[[Los Angeles Times]].'' [[September 27]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized and sent to Louisiana along with numbers of local law enforcement agents from across the country who were temporarily deputized by the state. "They have [[M16 rifle|M16s]] and are locked and loaded. These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will," Louisiana Governor [[Kathleen Blanco]] said. Congressman [[Bill Jefferson]] (D-LA) told [[ABC News]]. "There was shooting going on. There was sniping going on. Over the first week of September, law and order was gradually restored to the city."[Tapper, Jake. "[http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/HurricaneKatrina/story?id=1123495&page=1 Amid Katrina Chaos, Congressman Used National Guard to Visit Home]." ''[[ABC News]].'' [[September 13]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Several shootings were between police and New Orleans residents, including the fatal incident at [[Industrial Canal#Bridges over the canal|Danziger Bridge]].[Staff Writer. "[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9208195/ Police kill at least 5 in New Orleans]." ''[[MSNBC]].'' [[September 4]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
A number of arrests were made throughout the affected area, including near the New Orleans Convention Center. A temporary jail was constructed of chain link cages in the city train station.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.komotv.com/news/mnewsaction.asp?ID=39002 At the Train Station, New Orleans' Newest Jail is Open For Business]." ''[[KOMO-TV]].'' [[September 6]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
In Texas, where more than 300,000 evacuees are located, local officials have run 20,000 criminal background checks on the evacuees, as well as on the relief workers helping them and people who have opened up their homes. Most of the checks have found little for police to be concerned about.[Schubert, Elizabeth. "[http://www.wboy.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=5266 Some Katrina Evacuees at Camp Dawson Have Criminal Records]." ''[[Associated Press]].'' [[September 18]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] The number of homicides in [[Houston]] from September 2005 through [[February 22]] [[2006]] went up by 23% relative to the same period a year before; 29 of the 170 murders involved displaced Louisianans as a victim, a suspect, or both.["[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000103&sid=az6n8C6gsqf0&refer=us Louisiana Gangs That Fled Katrina Heighten Houston Murder Rate]." ''[[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg.com]].'' [[March 3]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-15]].]
===Government response===
[[Image:BUSHKATRINA.jpg|thumb|250px|right|President Bush stands with [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Secretary of Labor]] [[Elaine Chao]] and [[Secretary of Health and Human Services]] [[Mike Leavitt]] during a press confrerence from the [[Rose Garden]], regarding the devastation along the Gulf Coast caused by Katrina.]]
Some [[disaster recovery]] response to Katrina began before the storm, with [[Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States|Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a [[mortuary]] team with refrigerated trucks. A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding Parishes as soon as the storm made landfall, and has continued for more than six months after the storm.
The [[United States Northern Command]] established Joint Task Force (JTF) Katrina based out of [[Camp Shelby]], [[Mississippi]], to act as the military's on-scene command on Sunday, [[August 28]].["[http://www.dod.gov/transcripts/2005/tr20050901-3843.html Special Defense Department Briefing with Commander of Joint Task Force Katrina]". ''[[United States Department of Defense]],'' News Transcript. [[September 1]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Approximately 58,000 [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] personnel were activated to deal with the storm's aftermath, with troops coming from all 50 states.[Phillips, Kyra. "[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0509/06/se.01.html Bush Discusses Displaced Students; Department of Defense Briefs Press on Katrina Response (CNN Live Transcript)]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 6]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] The [[Department of Defense]] also activated volunteer members of the [[Civil Air Patrol]] and the [[United States Coast Guard]] activated more than 400 reservists.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-cp/comrel/factfile/Factcards/Hurricane_Katrina.htm Coast Guard Response to Hurricane Katrina]." ''[[United States Coast Guard]].'' Accessed [[May 30]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
[[Michael Chertoff]], [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary]] of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]], decided to take over the federal, state, and local operations officially on [[August 30]], [[2005]], citing the [[National Response Plan]].[California Political Desk. "[http://www.californiachronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=5916 Pelosi: Davis Report on Katrina Leaves Unfinished Business]." ''[http://www.californiachronicle.com/ California Chronicle].'' [[February 15]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Early in September, Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims.[Baker, Peter; Goldstein, Amy. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801081.html Congress Approves $51.8 Billion For Victims]." ''[[Washington Post]].'' [[September 9]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Additionally, President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George H.W. Bush]] to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and [[tsunami]].[Bush, George W. "[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050901-3.html President Asks Bush and Clinton to Assist in Hurricane Relief]." ''[[White House]],'' Press Release. [[September 1]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
FEMA provided housing assistance (rental assistance, trailers, etc.) to over 700,000 applicants - families and individuals. However, only one-fifth of the trailers requested in Orleans Parish have been supplied resulting in an enormous housing shortage in the city of New Orleans.[''[[Times-Picayune]],'' [[September 26]], [[2005]], page A-12. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] To provide for additional housing, FEMA has also paid for the hotel costs of 12,000 individuals and families displaced by Katrina through [[February 7]], [[2006]], when a final deadline was set for the end of hotel cost coverage. After this deadline, evacuees were still eligible to receive federal assistance, which could be used towards either apartment rent, additional hotel stays, or fixing their ruined homes, although FEMA no longer paid for hotels directly.[Foster, Mary. "[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/13/katrina/main1311616.shtml Judge: FEMA Off Hook For Hotel Costs]." ''[[CBC News]].'' [[February 13]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] As of early July 2006, there are still about 100,000 people living in 37,745 FEMA-provided trailers.[{{cite web | author = Federal Emergency Management Agency | title = Hurricane Katrina Recovery Update: Week 44 | date = [[July 7]], [[2006]] | accessdate=2006-07-08 | publisher = [[FEMA]] | url = http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=27504}}]
Law enforcement and public safety agencies, from across the [[United States]], provided a "[[mutual aid]]" response to [[Louisiana]] and [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]] in the weeks following the disaster. Many agencies responded with manpower and equipment from as far away as [[California]], [[Michigan]], [[Nevada]], [[New York]], and [[Texas]]. This response was welcomed by local [[Louisiana]] authorities as their staff were either becoming fatigued, stretched too thin, or even quitting from the job.[{{cite web | last = Treaster | first = Joseph B. | title = Law Officers, Overwhelmed, Are Quitting the Force | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/04/national/nationalspecial/04police.html?ei=5090&en=8bf8550c348bbc33&ex=1283486400&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=print | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = [[September 4]], [[2005]] | accessdate=2006-06-24}}]
[[Image:USNS Comfort.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[USNS Comfort|USNS ''Comfort'']] takes on supplies at [[Mayport, Florida]] en route to the Gulf Coast.]]
Two weeks after the storm, over half of the states were involved in providing shelter for evacuees. By four weeks after the storm, evacuees had been registered in all 50 states and in 18,700 zip codes - half of the nation's residential postal zones. Most evacuees had stayed within 250 miles, but 240,000 households went to Houston and other cities over 250 miles away and another 60,000 households went over 750 miles away.[Quigley, Bill. "[http://www.coc.org/index.fpl/1090/article/3678.html Six Months After Katrina: Who Was Left Behind Then and Who is Being Left Behind Now?]" ''[http://www.coc.org/ Center of Concern].'' Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===International response===
{{main|International response to Hurricane Katrina}}
Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance. [[Kuwait]] made the largest single pledge, $500 million; other large donations were made by [[Qatar]] ($100 million), [[India]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] (both $5 million), [[Pakistan]] ($1.5 million),[Staff Writer. "[http://usembassy.state.gov/pakistan/h05090802.html U.S. Grateful for Pakistan's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims]."''Embassy of the United States. [[September 8]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] and [[Bangladesh]] ($1 million).[Staff Writer. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4215820.stm Asian nations offer US assistance]." ''[[BBC News]].'' [[September 5]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
Countries like [[Sri Lanka]], which was still recovering from the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Indian Ocean Tsunami]], [[Cuba]] and [[Venezuela]] (despite their differences with the United States), also offered to help. Countries including [[Canadian response to Hurricane Katrina|Canada]], [[Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina|Mexico]], [[Singaporean response to Hurricane Katrina|Singapore]], and [[Germany]] sent supplies, relief personnel, troops, ships and water pumps to aid in the disaster recovery. [[Britain]]'s donation of 350,000 emergency meals did not reach victims due to laws regarding mad cow disease[Staff Writer. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4344168.stm US rejects British Katrina beef]." ''[[BBC News]].'' [[October 15]], [[2005]]. ]. [[Russia]]'s [[Russian response to Hurricane Katrina|initial offer]] of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later. The [[France|French]] [[French response to Hurricane Katrina|offer]] was also declined and requested later.[Staff Writer. "[http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/09/04/katrina.world.aid U.S. receives aid offers from around the world]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 4]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===Non-government organization response===
The [[American Red Cross]], [[Salvation Army]], [[Common Ground Collective]], [[Emergency Communities]], and many other charitable organizations provided housing, food, and water to the victims of the storm. These organizations also provided an infrastructure for shelters throughout Louisiana and other states that held thousands of evacuees. They were not, however, allowed into New Orleans proper by the National Guard for several days after the storm, due to safety concerns. These organizations raised $4.25 billion in donations by the public, with the Red Cross receiving over half of the donations.[{{ cite web | author = Staff writer | publisher= [[Charity Navigator]] | title = Where Did The Money Go? | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2006-08-05 | work = Hurricane Katrina: One Year Later | url = http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/katrina.main.htm}}]
Volunteers from [[amateur radio]]'s emergency service wing, the [[Amateur Radio Emergency Service]], provided emergency communications for federal, state and local officials. Over 1,000 volunteer operators traveled to affected areas to provide communications in areas where the communications infrastructure had been damaged or totally destroyed, relaying everything from 911 traffic to messages home.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.arrl.org/news/stories/2005/09/15/100/ ARRL President Submits Congressional Testimony on Hams' Katrina Response]" ''National Association for Amateur Radio.'' [[September 15]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] In [[Hancock County, Mississippi]], ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area, and even served as 911 dispatchers.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.arrl.org/news/stories/2005/09/16/100/ Amateur Radio Earning Praise, Respect in Hurricane Katrina Relief]." ''National Association for Amateur Radio.'' [[September 16]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
[[Image:Canadian relief transport.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[United States Navy]] personnel unload [[Canadian]] relief supplies from a Canadian transport aircraft in [[Pensacola, Florida]].]]
Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts. On [[September 13]], it was reported that corporate donations to the relief effort were $409 million, and were expected to exceed $1 billion.["[http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/13/news/fortune500/katrina_donations/ Corporate Katrina gifts could top $1B]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 13]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===Analysis of New Orleans levee failures===
{{main|Levee failures in Greater New Orleans, 2005}}
[[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]]' levee failures were found to be primarily the result of system design flaws, combined with the lack of adequate maintenance. Those responsible for the conception, design, construction, and maintenance of the region's flood-control system apparently failed to pay sufficient attention to public safety, according to an investigation by the [[National Science Foundation]].[Myers, Lisa. "[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9532037/ New Orleans levee reported weak in 1990s]." ''[[MSNBC]].'' [[September 30]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
According to new modeling and field observations by a team from [[Louisiana State University]], the [[Mississippi River Gulf Outlet]] (MRGO), a 200-meter wide canal designed to provide a shortcut from New Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico, helped provide a funnel for the storm surge, making it 20% higher and 100%-200% faster as it crashed into the city. St. Bernard Parish, one of the more devastated areas, lies just south of the MRGO. The [[Army Corps of Engineers]] disputes this causality and maintains Katrina would have overwhelmed the levees with or without the contributing effect of the MRGO.[Warrick, Joby; Grunwald, Michael. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/23/AR2005102301200_pf.html Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws]." ''[[Washington Post]].'' [[October 24]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
On [[April 5]], [[2006]], months after independent investigators had demonstrated that levee failures were not due to natural forces beyond intended design strength, Lt. Gen. Carl Strock testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that "We have now concluded we had problems with the design of the structure." He also testified that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did not know of this mechanism of failure prior to [[August 29]], [[2005]]. The claim of ignorance is refuted, however, by the National Science Foundation investigators hired by the Army Corps of Engineers, who point to a 1986 study by the Corps itself that such separations were possible in the I-wall design.[{{cite news| title = Corps chief admits to 'design failure' | author = Walsh, Bill | publisher = [[Times Picayune]] | date = [[April 06]], [[2006]] | accessdate=2006-04-09 | url = http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-5/1144306231230500.xml}}]
===Criticism of government response===
{{main|Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina}}
[[Image:Kanyebush.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Rapper [[Kanye West]] accused President Bush of racism during a Hurricane Katrina [[benefit concert]], ''[[A Concert for Hurricane Relief]]''.]]
The criticisms of the government's response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of condemnations of [[Administrative incompetence|mismanagement]] and lack of [[leadership]] in the relief efforts in response to the storm and its aftermath. More specifically, the criticism focused on the delayed response to the flooding of [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], and the subsequent state of chaos in the Crescent City.[Thevenot, Brian; Russell, Gordon. "[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002520986_katmyth26.html Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated]." ''[[Seattle Times]].'' [[September 26]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] The neologism ''Katrinagate'' was coined to refer to this controversy, and was even a runner-up for "2005 word of the year."[Clark, Heather. "[http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1480616 Linguists Vote 'Truthiness' Word of 2005]." ''[[ABC News]].'' [[January 6]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[July 18]], [[2006]].]
Within days of Katrina's [[August 29]], [[2005]] landfall, public debate arose about the local, state and federal governments' role in the [[Preparations for Hurricane Katrina|preparations]] for and response to the hurricane. [[Criticism]] was prompted largely by televised images of visibly shaken and frustrated political leaders and of residents who remained in New Orleans without [[drinking water|water]], [[food]] or [[shelter]]. The deaths of several citizens by [[thirst]], [[exhaustion]], and [[violence]] days after the storm itself had passed also fueled the criticism, as did the treatment of people who had been evacuated to facilities such as the [[Superdome]]. Others alleged that [[race]], [[social class|class]], and other factors could have contributed to delays in government response. The percentage of black victims among storm-related deaths (49%)[{{cite web | title = Updated Number of Deceased Victims Recovered Following Hurricane Katrina | date = [[December 9]], [[2005]] | accessdate = 2006-08-01 | publisher = Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals | url = http://www.dhh.state.la.us/news.asp?Detail=758}}] was below their proportion in the area's population (approx. 60%).
The government was accused of making things worse, instead of making things better—perhaps even deliberately—by preventing help by others while delaying its own response. In accordance with federal law, President [[George W. Bush]] directed the [[Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security]], [[Michael Chertoff]], to coordinate the Federal response. Chertoff designated [[Michael D. Brown]], head of the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]], as the Principal Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region. However, the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. (Some reports indicated that the relief effort was intentionally hindered by FEMA[{{cite web | author = Mike Whitney | title = The Siege of New Orleans | date = [[September 8]], [[2005]] | accessdate = 2006-07-19 | publisher = Information Clearing House | url = http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article10182.htm}}]). Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral [[Thad W. Allen]] replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations.[Meserve, Jeanne; Barrett, Ted. "[http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/09/09/katrina.washington/index.html Admiral takes over Katrina relief]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 9]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].] Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received praise from Bush with the now-well-known phrase, ''"Brownie, you're doing a heck of a job."''[{{cite web | author = Office of the Press Secretary | title = President Arrives in Alabama, Briefed on Hurricane Katrina | date = [[September 2]], [[2005]] | accessdate = 2006-07-19 | publisher = [[White House|The White House]] | url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050902-2.html}}]
Subsequently, criticism from politicians, activists, pundits and journalists of all stripes has been directed at the local, state and federal governments headed by Mayor [[Ray Nagin]] of New Orleans and Louisiana Governor [[Kathleen Blanco]]. Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement New Orleans' evacuation plan and for ordering residents to a shelter of last resort without any provisions for food, water, security, or sanitary conditions. Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin is that he delayed his [[emergency evacuation]] order until 19 hours before landfall, which led to hundreds of deaths of people who (by that time) could not find any way out of the city.[Langer, Gary. "[http://abcnews.go.com/US/HurricaneKatrina/story?id=1094262&page=1 Poll: Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism]." ''[[ABC News]].'' [[September 12]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[July 15]], [[2006]].] A later [[CNN]]/[[USAToday|USATODAY]]/[[Gallup|GALLUP]] [[Opinion poll|poll]] showed that respondents disagreed widely on who is to blame for the problems in the city following the hurricane -- 13 percent said Bush, 18% said federal agencies, 25% blamed state or local officials and 38% said no one was to blame.[Staff Writer. "[http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/09/07/katrina.poll/ Poll: Most Americans believe New Orleans will never recover]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 8]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[July 15]], [[2006]].]
===Media involvement===
{{main|Media involvement in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina}}
[[Image:Geraldo-Rivera-Katrina-Aftermath-FNC.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Geraldo Rivera]] reporting from the New Orleans Convention Center on [[September 2]], [[2005]].]]
Many representatives of the [[news media]] reporting on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina became directly involved in the unfolding events, instead of simply reporting. Due to the loss of most means of communication, such as land-based and cellular telephone systems, field reporters in many cases became conduits for information between victims and authorities.
The authorities, who monitored local and network news broadcasts, as well as internet sites, would then attempt to coordinate rescue efforts based on the reports. One illustration was when [[Geraldo Rivera]] of [[Fox News]] tearfully pleaded for authorities to either send help or evacuate the thousands of evacuees stranded at the [[Ernest N. Morial Convention Center]].["[http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2678976 Geraldo Rivera & Shepard Smith Unleashed]." -- ''Video.'' 2005. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
The storm also brought a dramatic rise in the role of [[Website|Internet sites]] - especially [[blogging]] and community journalism. One example was the effort of ''NOLA.com'', the web affiliate of the [[New Orleans Times-Picayune]], which was awarded the Breaking News [[Pulitzer Prize]],[{{cite web | author = The Pulitzer Board | title = 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners - Breaking News Reporting | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2006/breaking-news-reporting/}}] and shared the Public Service Pulitzer with the Biloxi-based [[The Sun Herald|Sun Herald]].[{{cite web | author = The Pulitzer Board | title = 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners - Public Service | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2006/public-service/}}] The newspaper's coverage was carried for days only on NOLA's blogs, as the newspaper lost its presses and evacuated its building as water rose around it on August 30. The site became an international focal point for news by local media, and also became a vital link for rescue operations and later for reuniting scattered residents, as it accepted and posted thousands of individual pleas for rescue on its blogs and forums. NOLA was monitored constantly by an array of rescue teams - from individuals to the Coast Guard - which used information in rescue efforts. Much of this information was relayed from trapped victims via the SMS functions of their cell phones, to friends and relatives outside the area, who then relayed the information back to NOLA.com. The aggregation of community journalism, user photos and the use of the internet site as a collaborative response to the storm attracted international attention, and was called a watershed moment in journalism.[{{cite web | author = Mark Glaser | title = NOLA.com blogs and forums help save lives after Katrina | date = [[September 13]], [[2005]] | publisher = Online Journalism Review | accessdate = 2006-08-02 | url = http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/050913glaser/}}] In the wake of these online-only efforts, the Pulitzer Committee for the first time opened all its categories to online entries.[{{cite web | author = [[Paul Steiger]] | title = Remarks at Pulitzer Prize luncheon | date = [[May 22]], [[2006]] | accessdate = 2006-08-02 | publisher = The Pulitzer Board | url = http://www.pulitzer.org/resources/steigerspeech.html}}]
As the U.S. military and rescue services regained control over the city, there were restrictions on the activity of the media. On [[September 9]], the military leader of the relief effort announced that reporters would have "zero access" to efforts to recover bodies in New Orleans. Immediately following this announcement, [[CNN]] filed a [[lawsuit]] and obtained a temporary [[restraining order]] against the ban. The next day the government backed down and reversed the ban.[Staff Writer. "[http://edition.cnn.com/2005/LAW/09/10/katrina.media/ U.S. won't ban media from New Orleans searches]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 11]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
===Retirement===
{{seealso|List of retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
Due to the large loss of life and property along the [[Gulf Coast]], the name Katrina was officially retired on [[April 6]], [[2006]] by the [[World Meteorological Organization]] at the request of the U.S. government. It was replaced by Katia on List III of the [[Lists of tropical cyclone names#North Atlantic|Atlantic hurricane naming lists]], which will next be used in the [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season]].["[http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2607.htm Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma "Retired" from List of Storm Names]." ''[[NOAA]].'' [[March 25]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-05]].]
==See also==
{{tcportal}}
* [[List of notable Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season]]
* [[Environmental effects of Hurricane Katrina]]
* [[List of tribute songs to Hurricane Katrina]]
==References==
==External links==
[[Image:Hurricane Katrina Eye viewed from Hurricane Hunter.jpg|thumb|250px|View of the eyewall of Hurricane Katrina taken on [[August 28|Aug. 28]], [[2005]], as seen from a [[NOAA]] [[WP-3D Orion|WP-3D]] [[hurricane hunter]] aircraft before the storm made landfall on the United States [[Gulf Coast]].]]
* [[National Hurricane Center]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Katrina]
* [[National Hurricane Center]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/KATRINA.shtml archive on Hurricane Katrina]
* [[Hydrometeorological Prediction Center]]'s [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical2005/KATRINA/KATRINA_archive.shtml archive on Hurricane Katrina]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]
===Disaster recovery===
* [http://www.fema.gov/hazard/hurricane/2005katrina/index.shtm Federal Emergency Management Agency]
* [http://www.msema.org/ Mississippi Emergency Management Agency]
* [http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.results&keyword_list=katrina&Submit.x=0&Submit.y=0&Submit=Submit List of charities involved in Hurricane Katrina relief]
* [http://www.ohsep.louisiana.gov/ Louisiana Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness]
* [http://www.katrinasangels.org/ Katrina's Angels Resource Coordination]
* [http://icpd.dartmouth.edu Dartmouth-Dillard Neighborhood Katrina Recovery Project]
* [http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_2_houston.html Houston's Noble Experiment] - An article in the ''[[City Journal]]''
===Survivor and eyewitness accounts===
{{sisterlinks|Hurricane Katrina}}
* [http://www.nola.com/weblogs/bourbon Voices of Katrina]
* [http://www.nola.com/weblogs/nola Nola View]
* [http://nola.com/katrina Katrina: The storm we always feared]
* [http://www.hurricanearchive.org/ Hurricane Digital Memory Bank: Preserving the Stories from Katrina, Rita, and Wilma]
* [http://www.KatrinaUnderground.com Katrina Underground: Testimony, discussion, peer-support and resources for hurricane survivors]
* [http://citypages.com/neworleans New Orleans Survivor Stories]
===Images===
* [http://www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za/katrina Video of Hurricane Katrina and Aftermath]
* [http://www.streetgangs.com/katrina Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath Photos by StreetGangs.com]
* [http://www.photosfromkatrina.com Photographs and Video of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath]
* [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/misc/050829/050829.html Weather satellite imagery] ([[University of Wisconsin at Madison]])
* [http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/h2005_katrina.html NASA's Hurricane Katrina Archive]
* [http://www.davidmetraux.com/news/2006/hurricane_katrina.html Photographs of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath]
* [http://www.siwmfilm.net/katrina_gallery_2.html Hurricane Katrina's Image Gallery]
* [http://www.ansaman.com/katrina/katrina_sats.html Selected Katrina Aerial Survey Pictures (Annotated)]
* [http://www.stephenvoss.com/stories/Churches/index.html Churches of the Lower 9th Ward (post Hurricane Katrina)]
{{2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons}}
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[[Category:Hurricane Katrina| ]]
[[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes|Katrina (2005)]]
[[bs:Uragan Katrina]]
[[ca:Huracà Katrina]]
[[cs:Hurikán Katrina]]
[[da:Orkan Katrina (2005)]]
[[de:Hurrikan Katrina]]
[[et:Katrina (orkaan)]]
[[es:Huracán Katrina]]
[[eo:Uragano Katrina]]
[[fa:توفان کاترینا]]
[[fr:Ouragan Katrina]]
[[ga:Hairicín Katrina]]
[[ko:허리케인 카트리나]]
[[hr:Uragan Katrina]]
[[io:Uragano Katrina]]
[[id:Badai Katrina]]
[[it:Uragano Katrina]]
[[he:הוריקן קתרינה]]
[[nl:Katrina (orkaan)]]
[[ja:ハリケーン・カトリーナ]]
[[no:Orkanen Katrina]]
[[nn:Orkanen Katrina]]
[[pl:Huragan Katrina]]
[[pt:Furacão Katrina]]
[[ru:Катрина (ураган)]]
[[simple:Hurricane Katrina]]
[[sk:Hurikán Katrina]]
[[sr:Ураган Катрина]]
[[sh:Uragan Katrina]]
[[fi:Hurrikaani Katrina]]
[[sv:Orkanen Katrina]]
[[th:พายุเฮอร์ริเคนแคทรีนา]]
[[vi:Bão Katrina]]
[[uk:Ураган "Катріна"]]
[[zh:颶風卡特里娜]]